Ovarian Cysts in Cats: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

What are ovarian cysts in cats?

Ovarian cysts in cats are abnormal, usually fluid-filled structures that form within or on the surface of the ovarian tissue of a female cat. These cysts are often associated with hormonal imbalances, particularly disruptions to the ovulation process . Because cats exhibit "induced ovulation," meaning ovulation does not occur without mating , ovarian cysts in this species have a different biological mechanism compared to other animals.

Ovarian cysts are not always malignant or cause immediate emergencies. However, uncontrolled hormone secretion can create constant stimulation of the uterine tissue and, over time, pave the way for serious reproductive system diseases. In particular, the secretion of estrogen and progesterone hormones outside the normal cycle can manifest itself with systemic effects such as prolonged periods of estrus , behavioral changes, and skin and hair problems.

These cysts can be unilateral (in only one ovary) or bilateral. Their size can vary from a few millimeters to several centimeters. Small cysts sometimes go unnoticed for a long time, while large cysts can lead to intra-abdominal pressure, pain, and worsening hormonal symptoms.

Clinically, it is important to note that ovarian cysts often progress silently and do not present with noticeable external symptoms in the early stages. Therefore, the disease is often detected through indirect signs such as "prolonged estrus," " constant meowing ," "aggression," or "symptoms that persist despite sterilization ."

Types of Ovarian Cysts in Cats

Ovarian cysts in cats are not all the same type. They are classified into different categories according to their formation mechanism and hormonal effects. This classification is of great importance both in interpreting clinical signs and in determining the treatment plan.

Follicular Cysts

Follicular cysts are the most common type of ovarian cyst in cats. They form when follicles, which should normally rupture with ovulation, fail to do so and continue to grow. These cysts often continue to secrete estrogen , leading to prolonged or recurring estrus symptoms in cats.

Common clinical presentations of follicular cysts include estrus lasting for weeks, frequent urination, loud meowing, and excessive interest in male cats. In the long term, this can lead to thickening of the uterine lining and predisposition to uterine infections.

Luteal Cysts

Luteal cysts arise when the corpus luteum tissue, which forms after ovulation, remains active for an unusually long period. This type of cyst is usually associated with the release of hormones, primarily progesterone . Therefore, clinical symptoms may be milder compared to follicular cysts.

In luteal cysts, signs of estrus may be suppressed, but the long-term effect of progesterone can lead to significant changes in the uterus. This increases the risk of fluid accumulation in the uterus, endometrial hyperplasia, and, in advanced cases, infection.

Combined (Mixed) Cysts

Some cats may have cysts that exhibit both follicular and luteal characteristics simultaneously. In this case, the hormonal picture becomes more complex, and symptoms can vary periodically. While estrus may be dominant at times, behavioral calmness may be observed at other times.

Other Rare Cystic Structures

More rarely, cystic structures originating from the ovarian surface epithelium or cysts associated with tumoral processes may also be observed. These types of cysts usually do not produce hormones, but they can cause mechanical pressure or a feeling of discomfort in the abdomen. Imaging and histopathological evaluation may be necessary in the diagnostic process.

Causes of Ovarian Cysts in Cats

There is no single cause for the formation of ovarian cysts in cats. Most cases develop as a result of a multifactorial process beginning with disruptions in hormonal cycles. Understanding the reproductive physiology of cats, particularly their induced ovulation, is critical to understanding the basis of this condition.

One of the most important reasons is the absence of ovulation . In female cats, ovulation is usually triggered by mating. If mating doesn't occur, the follicles don't rupture, and over time, fluid can accumulate, developing into follicular cysts. This is especially common in cats that regularly go into heat but don't mate.

Hormonal imbalances are the second major factor. Prolonged secretion of estrogen and progesterone hormones outside the normal cycle can cause ovarian tissue to exceed physiological limits. These hormonal imbalances are sometimes primarily ovarian in origin, while other times they result from irregularities in the hypothalamus-pituitary axis.

Long-term use of hormones that suppress estrus is also a significant risk factor. Some hormonal preparations used in the past or currently can lead to cystic changes in the ovarian tissue. In such cases, the cysts tend to be multiple and bilateral.

Age should also not be overlooked. In middle-aged and older female cats, the hormonal response of the ovarian tissue may become more irregular. This increases the risk of cyst formation, especially in unspayed cats that have experienced regular estrus cycles for many years.

In some cats, a genetic predisposition may be a factor. The occurrence of similar reproductive system problems in cats of the same lineage suggests the existence of a hereditary tendency. However, definitive genetic markers in this regard have not yet been clearly identified.

Cat Breeds Prone to Ovarian Cysts

Ovarian cysts can theoretically occur in any female cat. However, clinical observations and case series indicate that this condition is reported more frequently in certain cat breeds. This predisposition is often associated with breed-specific hormonal sensitivities and differences in reproductive cycles.

Cat Breed	Explanation	Predisposition Level
Persian	Long and irregular periods of estrus can increase the risk of hormonal imbalance.	Middle
Siamese	Prominent hormonal cycles and frequent estrus observed.	Middle
Maine Coon	Late maturation and long reproductive cycles can increase the risk of cysts.	Little
British Shorthair	Cysts may be detected late due to silent periods of irritability.	Little
Scottish Fold	Sensitivity to reproductive hormones has been reported.	Little
Domestic Shorthair	It is one of the most frequently reported groups due to its population size.	Middle

The susceptibility levels listed in this table do not represent an absolute risk. Race alone is not a determining factor; it should be evaluated in conjunction with other factors such as being unspayed or neutered , long-term hormonal cycles , past hormone use , and age .

Regardless of breed, if a female cat exhibits prolonged signs of estrus, behavioral changes, or clinical signs suggestive of hormonal imbalance, ovarian cysts should always be considered as a differential diagnosis.

Symptoms of Ovarian Cysts in Cats

Ovarian cysts in cats can be quite deceptive in terms of symptoms. While some cats show very noticeable symptoms, others may go unnoticed for a long time. The severity and type of symptoms vary depending on the type of cyst, whether it produces hormones, its size, and whether it is unilateral or bilateral.

The most common symptom is prolonged or recurring periods of heat . What normally lasts a few days can continue for weeks or even months. This is especially noticeable in cases of follicular cysts, as the cyst tissue continuously secretes estrogen. Owners often describe this as, "My cat is never out of heat."

Behavioral changes are quite typical. Constant loud meowing, restlessness, wandering around the house, rubbing against the floor, excessive interest in male cats, and occasional aggression may be observed. Conversely, some cats may exhibit withdrawal and signs of stress.

Physical symptoms usually appear later. Tenderness in the abdominal area, discomfort to touch, and rarely abdominal bloating may occur. Large cysts can put pressure on internal organs, causing discomfort.

If hormonal effects persist for a long time, hair loss , particularly symmetrical alopecia on the abdomen and inner hind legs, may develop. Thinning of the skin and deterioration in hair quality may also occur.

In some cases, changes in urinary behavior are observed. Frequent changing of urination position, urinating in inappropriate places, or urine spraying may occur. This condition is often mistaken for a urinary tract infection.

In advanced cases, the uterine tissue may also be affected. Thickening of the uterine lining, fluid accumulation, and increased risk of infection occur. This can manifest in cats with systemic symptoms such as general weakness, loss of appetite, and weight loss.

How are ovarian cysts diagnosed in cats?

Diagnosis of ovarian cysts often begins with clinical suspicion . Prolonged estrus, behavioral changes, or findings suggestive of hormonal imbalance form the basis of the diagnostic process. However, multiple methods are evaluated together for a definitive diagnosis.

Physical examination always provides limited information. Small cysts may not be detectable by palpation. However, large cystic structures can cause a feeling of fullness during abdominal examination in some cats. Nevertheless, physical examination alone is not diagnostic.

The most valuable diagnostic tool is ultrasonography . Abdominal ultrasound clearly visualizes the size, shape, and cystic structures of the ovaries. Follicular cysts are generally seen as thin-walled, fluid-filled structures, while luteal cysts may have thicker walls. The uterine tissue can also be evaluated to identify any accompanying changes.

Hormonal analyses support the diagnosis. Evaluation of estrogen and progesterone levels, in particular, provides insight into whether the cyst is functional. However, hormonal levels alone are not sufficient for diagnosis; they must be interpreted in conjunction with imaging findings.

In some cases, differential diagnosis becomes important. Ovarian tumors, uterine diseases, and other hormonal disorders can lead to a similar clinical picture. Therefore, a holistic approach is adopted in the diagnostic process.

A definitive diagnosis, especially in suspicious or complicated cases, is made through histopathological examination of tissue obtained after surgery. This examination clarifies whether the cyst is benign or associated with a tumor process.

Treatment Options for Ovarian Cysts in Cats

Treatment for ovarian cysts in cats depends on the type of cyst, the cat's age, overall health, reproductive plans, and the presence of accompanying complications. The primary goal of treatment is to eliminate hormonal imbalances , alleviate clinical symptoms, and prevent the development of serious reproductive system diseases in the future.

The most effective and permanent treatment method is surgical sterilization (ovariohysterectomy) . Complete removal of the ovaries (and often the uterus) eliminates hormone production by the cystic tissue and reduces the risk of recurrence to almost zero. Surgical intervention is preferred, especially for the vast majority of follicular and luteal cysts. Symptoms usually subside quickly after surgery, and the cat's hormonal balance stabilizes.

In cats planning to breed or in cases temporarily unsuitable for surgery, medical treatment may be considered. The aim of this approach is to suppress or regulate the hormonal cycle. However, medical treatment is often a temporary solution and does not guarantee the complete elimination of cysts. Furthermore, long-term hormone use can lead to the formation of new cysts or unwanted changes in the uterine tissue.

Some small and asymptomatic cysts can be monitored closely. Regular ultrasound examinations are used to assess changes in cyst size. However, this approach is only suitable for cases that show no clinical symptoms, have minimal hormone production, and have a low risk of complications.

When developing a treatment plan, it is essential to consider whether the cyst is unilateral or bilateral, whether the uterus is affected, and the cat's overall condition. Therefore, there is no single standard treatment protocol for every case; individual assessment is crucial.

Possible Complications and Prognosis of Untreated Ovarian Cysts

Untreated ovarian cysts can, over time, cease to be merely a local problem and lead to serious complications affecting the cat's overall health. This risk is much higher, especially with hormone-secreting cysts.

Prolonged estrogen or progesterone secretion causes thickening of the uterine lining. This creates a predisposition to endometrial hyperplasia and, in later stages, fluid accumulation in the uterus. Uterine infection, one of the most serious complications, can occur as a natural consequence of this process.

Behavioral problems can also become permanent over time. A constant state of being in heat causes chronic stress, aggression, and a significant decrease in quality of life in cats. This can also negatively affect the human-cat relationship.

Large cystic structures can put pressure on intra-abdominal organs, leading to pain, limited mobility, and loss of appetite. Rarely, cyst rupture can occur, creating an acute abdominal condition.

The prognosis is generally favorable with early diagnosis and appropriate treatment. In cases where surgical neutering is performed, the risk of long-term complications is quite low, and cats usually continue their normal lives without problems. However, if treatment is delayed or complications develop, the recovery process may be prolonged, and additional treatments may be needed.

Therefore, in female cats suspected of having ovarian cysts, even mild symptoms require serious attention to ensure their long-term health.

Home Care and Preventive Measures for Ovarian Cysts in Cats

In cats diagnosed with or suspected of having ovarian cysts, home care is a complementary element that directly affects the success of the treatment process. The main goal of home care is to reduce the cat's stress levels, mitigate the effects of hormonal fluctuations, and detect potential complications early.

First, the cat's behavior should be observed regularly . The duration, frequency, and intensity of signs of heat should be noted. Constant meowing, restlessness, aggression, or sudden behavioral changes may suggest that the cyst is releasing active hormones and may require examination.

Stress factors should be minimized as much as possible. Noisy environments, frequent changes in household routines, or the addition of new pets can make hormonal symptoms more pronounced. It is important to provide the cat with a calm and predictable living environment where it feels safe.

Nutrition can indirectly affect hormonal balance. The goal should be to prevent obesity through a balanced diet appropriate to the individual's age and weight. Excess weight can negatively impact hormonal metabolism, contributing to the worsening of clinical symptoms.

Uncontrolled use of hormonal products should absolutely be avoided at home. Hormones used indiscriminately to suppress estrus can pave the way for the progression of ovarian cysts and the formation of new cysts.

From a preventative standpoint, the most effective method is the timely sterilization of female cats that do not plan to reproduce. This procedure not only eliminates the existing risk of cysts but also prevents many reproductive system diseases that may develop in the future.

Responsibilities Cat Owners Should Be Aware Of

Cat owners play a critical role in early detection and regular monitoring of hormone-based diseases such as ovarian cysts. Disease management is not limited to clinical interventions; daily observation and the right approach are of paramount importance.

Owners' most important responsibility is not to dismiss or ignore temper cycles . Prolonged, frequent, or unusual temper periods must be taken seriously.

Behavioral changes should not be ignored. Aggression, restlessness, or excessive vocalizations that are dismissed as "just their nature" may be a sign of an underlying hormonal problem.

It is crucial not to miss the recommended follow-up appointments during the treatment process. Ultrasound scans and general assessments provide information about the course of the cyst and offer an opportunity for early intervention.

In cats that have undergone surgery, postoperative care and observation should not be neglected. Appetite, activity level, and overall mood should be closely monitored during the recovery process.

Finally, cat owners need to be informed and not act on hearsay. Particular caution should be exercised regarding products containing hormones, and all treatments should be carried out only after professional evaluation.

Differences Between Ovarian Cysts in Cats and Dogs

Although ovarian cysts can occur in both cats and dogs, the disease's mechanisms of development, clinical course, and symptoms differ significantly between species. These differences stem from the reproductive physiology of the two species.

Cats exhibit induced ovulation, meaning ovulation is most often triggered by mating. Without mating, the follicles do not rupture and can eventually develop into follicular cysts. Therefore, ovarian cysts in cats often manifest as prolonged estrus and noticeable behavioral changes.

In dogs, ovulation occurs spontaneously. Ovulation happens regularly according to the hormonal cycle. Therefore, ovarian cysts are rarer in dogs and often present with silent clinical signs rather than noticeable prolonged estrus. Cysts in dogs are frequently detected incidentally during imaging performed for other reasons.

In cats, ovarian cysts are mostly hormone-active and can cause continuous estrogen or progesterone secretion. This leads to significant changes in both behavior and skin and coat. In dogs, hormone-producing cysts are less common, and clinical signs are generally milder.

From a treatment perspective, surgical sterilization stands out as the most permanent solution for both types of cats. However, in cats, this decision is usually made earlier in individuals who do not plan to reproduce. This is because cysts can lead to clinical problems more quickly in cats.

In summary, while ovarian cysts appear to be a similar anatomical problem in both species, they are a much more distinct and manageable condition in cats due to their cause, symptom profile, and clinical significance .

Frequently Asked Questions

At what age do ovarian cysts most commonly occur in cats?

Ovarian cysts in cats are most common in middle-aged female cats that are not spayed or neutered and have regular estrus cycles. However, this is not limited to age. Ovarian cysts can also develop at a young age, especially in cats that frequently go into estrus but have never mated. As age increases, the risk also increases because hormonal cycles become more irregular.

Do ovarian cysts cause pain in cats?

Small ovarian cysts usually don't cause significant pain. However, as the cyst grows, it can put pressure on internal abdominal organs, which can manifest as restlessness, sensitivity to touch, and reluctance to move in the cat. While some cats may not show pain directly, they may give indirect signals through behavioral changes.

Could constant heat in cats be a sign of ovarian cysts?

Yes, persistent or prolonged periods of estrus are one of the most typical symptoms of ovarian cysts. Follicular cysts, in particular, continue to secrete estrogen, so estrus can last for weeks. This should not be considered normal and should be evaluated for an underlying hormonal problem.

Do ovarian cysts in cats completely disappear after neutering?

Sterilization is the most permanent and effective treatment for ovarian cysts. Removing the ovaries stops hormone production and eliminates the risk of cyst recurrence. Clinical symptoms usually subside quickly after surgery, and the long-term prognosis is quite favorable.

Can ovarian cysts in cats be treated with medication?

In some cases, temporary relief can be achieved with hormonal medications. However, this method often does not offer a permanent solution, and there is a high risk of cyst recurrence. Furthermore, long-term hormone use can lead to the formation of new cysts or problems in the uterine tissue. Therefore, medical treatment is generally a limited and temporary option.

Can ovarian cysts lead to uterine infections?

Yes. Specifically, hormone-producing cysts can cause thickening of the uterine lining and fluid accumulation. This increases the risk of developing a uterine infection over time. In untreated cases, these complications can seriously threaten the cat's overall health.

Do ovarian cysts cause weight gain in cats?

Indirectly, yes. Hormonal imbalances can affect metabolism, leading to increased appetite or decreased activity. This can result in weight gain over time. However, weight change alone is not a sufficient indicator of ovarian cysts and should be evaluated in conjunction with other findings.

Can ovarian cysts in cats be definitively detected with ultrasound?

Ultrasonography is one of the most reliable methods for diagnosing ovarian cysts. The size, number, and structure of the cysts can be clearly visualized with ultrasound. However, in some cases, a definitive diagnosis is made through histopathological examination after surgery.

Can neutered cats get ovarian cysts?

Ovarian cysts do not occur in cats that have been fully and correctly spayed. However, in rare cases where the ovarian tissue is not completely removed, the remaining tissue can lead to cyst formation. In such cases, symptoms may persist despite spaying/neutering.

Do ovarian cysts go away on their own?

Some small, non-hormone-producing cysts may shrink over time. However, in most cases, cysts do not disappear completely on their own. On the contrary, if hormonal activity continues, the risk of growth and complications increases. Therefore, monitoring and intervention when necessary are important.

Sources

• Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA)

• The International Cat Association (TICA)

• American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)

• Mersin Vetlife Veterinary Clinic – Open on Map: https://share.google/XPP6L1V6c1EnGP3Oc

• Veterinarian Lütfiye Gözüşirin - https://www.instagram.com/lutfiyegozusiriin/