Gabapentin for Dogs: Dosage, Side Effects, Safety, and When It’s Really Needed

What Is Gabapentin for Dogs and How Does It Work?

Gabapentin for dogs is a prescription medication primarily used to manage chronic pain, neuropathic pain, and certain anxiety-related conditions. Although it was originally developed as an anti-seizure medication for humans, it is widely used in veterinary medicine due to its calming and pain-modulating effects.

In dogs, gabapentin works by affecting calcium channels in the nervous system. More specifically, it binds to a subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels in nerve cells. This reduces the release of excitatory neurotransmitters responsible for transmitting pain signals. As a result, abnormal nerve firing decreases, and the sensation of chronic or neuropathic pain is dampened.

Gabapentin is not a traditional anti-inflammatory drug like NSAIDs. It does not reduce swelling or inflammation directly. Instead, it alters how the brain and spinal cord interpret pain signals. This makes it particularly useful in cases where pain originates from nerve damage rather than tissue inflammation.

Veterinarians commonly use gabapentin as:

• A supportive medication for arthritis-related discomfort

• A treatment for neuropathic pain (such as spinal cord disease or intervertebral disc disease)

• A calming aid for anxiety, travel stress, or veterinary visits

• A part of multimodal pain management protocols

Gabapentin is often combined with other medications, such as NSAIDs or opioids, because it enhances overall pain control without significantly increasing sedation when properly dosed.

One important point for dog owners to understand is that gabapentin does not work instantly like a fast-acting pain injection. It modulates nerve signaling over several hours, and in chronic cases, steady dosing is necessary for consistent benefit.

Why Is Gabapentin Prescribed for Dogs?

Gabapentin is prescribed for dogs when standard pain medications alone are not sufficient or when nerve-related pain is suspected. It is particularly valuable in cases where inflammation is not the primary cause of discomfort.

1. Chronic Arthritis Pain

In dogs with osteoarthritis, inflammation is only part of the problem. Over time, chronic joint disease can lead to nerve sensitization. This means the nervous system becomes overreactive to pain signals. Gabapentin helps reduce this hypersensitivity and is frequently added to arthritis treatment plans.

2. Neuropathic Pain

Neuropathic pain originates from damaged or irritated nerves rather than injured tissues. Common causes in dogs include:

• Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD)

• Spinal cord injury

• Nerve compression

• Post-surgical nerve pain

This type of pain often does not respond well to NSAIDs alone. Gabapentin is especially effective in these situations.

3. Post-Surgical Pain Management

Gabapentin is commonly used before and after surgery as part of a multimodal pain management strategy. It can reduce the need for higher doses of opioids and may improve overall comfort during recovery.

4. Anxiety and Stress Relief

Although not officially labeled as an anti-anxiety medication, gabapentin has calming properties. Veterinarians may prescribe it for:

• Veterinary visit anxiety

• Thunderstorm or fireworks stress

• Travel-related anxiety

• Grooming procedures

Its mild sedative effect helps reduce fear-based behaviors without heavy tranquilization when dosed appropriately.

5. Seizure Support Therapy

While gabapentin is not typically the first-line anti-seizure medication in dogs, it may be used as adjunct therapy in specific neurological cases.

When Is Gabapentin NOT Appropriate?

Gabapentin may not be suitable for:

• Dogs with severe kidney impairment (dose adjustments required)

• Cases requiring immediate anti-inflammatory control

• Situations where profound sedation would be unsafe

Because gabapentin is processed through the kidneys, careful dosing is essential in older dogs or those with renal disease.

Gabapentin for Dogs Dosage: How Much Is Safe?

Gabapentin dosage for dogs varies depending on the condition being treated, the dog’s weight, overall health status, and whether it is being used alone or in combination with other medications.

In general, veterinarians prescribe gabapentin within a range of:

5–20 mg per kilogram (2–10 mg per pound) of body weight,given every 8 to 12 hours.

However, the exact dosage depends on the clinical situation.

Typical Dosage Ranges by Purpose

For chronic pain or arthritis:

• 5–10 mg/kg every 12 hours

• May be increased gradually if pain control is insufficient

For neuropathic pain (e.g., IVDD, spinal pain):

• 10–20 mg/kg every 8–12 hours

For anxiety (situational use):

• Often 10–20 mg/kg

• Given 1–2 hours before a stressful event

Why Dosage Varies So Widely

Gabapentin has a relatively wide safety margin in dogs. That means veterinarians can adjust the dose upward if needed, especially in cases of severe nerve pain.

However:

• Higher doses increase the risk of sedation.

• Senior dogs may require lower starting doses.

• Dogs with kidney disease require dose adjustments because gabapentin is eliminated through the kidneys.

Important Safety Note

Never calculate dosage without veterinary guidance.

Human gabapentin capsules may contain different strengths (100 mg, 300 mg, 400 mg, etc.), and incorrect splitting or estimating can lead to underdosing or overdosing.

Additionally, some human liquid formulations contain xylitol, which is toxic to dogs.

Gabapentin for Dogs Dosage Chart by Weight

Below is a general educational reference chart based on a conservative 10 mg/kg guideline. This is NOT a prescription and should not replace veterinary instruction.

Gebapentin Dosage For Dogs ( Consult your veterinarian for exact doage)

Dog Weight	Low Dose (5 mg/kg)	Moderate Dose (10 mg/kg)	Higher Dose (15–20 mg/kg)
5 kg (11 lb)	25 mg	50 mg	75–100 mg
10 kg (22 lb)	50 mg	100 mg	150–200 mg
20 kg (44 lb)	100 mg	200 mg	300–400 mg
30 kg (66 lb)	150 mg	300 mg	450–600 mg
40 kg (88 lb)	200 mg	400 mg	600–800 mg

How Veterinarians Adjust Doses

Vets usually start at the lower end of the range and increase gradually based on:

• Pain response

• Sedation level

• Coordination and balance

• Appetite and general behavior

This gradual titration helps minimize side effects while achieving effective pain control.

How Often Is Gabapentin Given?

Most dogs receive gabapentin:

• Every 8 hours (three times daily) for severe nerve pain

• Every 12 hours (twice daily) for chronic pain

• As a single dose before stressful events for anxiety

Because gabapentin has a relatively short half-life in dogs, consistent dosing is important for steady pain control.

How Long Does Gabapentin Take to Work in Dogs?

Gabapentin typically begins working within 1 to 2 hours after oral administration in dogs. However, the perceived effect depends on the reason it is being used.

For Situational Anxiety

When prescribed for stress-related events (such as vet visits, grooming, fireworks, or travel), gabapentin is usually given:

• 1–2 hours before the event

• Peak calming effects are often observed around 2 hours after dosing

In these cases, owners may notice:

• Reduced restlessness

• Less vocalization

• Mild sedation

• Improved tolerance of handling

The effect may last between 6–12 hours, depending on the dose and the dog’s metabolism.

For Chronic Pain or Neuropathic Pain

Pain relief may begin within a few hours, but optimal results often require:

• Several consecutive doses

• Consistent administration over days

In chronic conditions like arthritis or spinal disease, gabapentin works best when part of a long-term pain management plan rather than a one-time dose.

Because gabapentin modifies nerve signaling rather than directly blocking inflammation, the improvement can be gradual rather than dramatic.

Why Some Dogs Respond Faster Than Others

Response time varies based on:

• Body weight and metabolism

• Severity of nerve pain

• Concurrent medications

• Age and kidney function

Dogs with advanced nerve pain may require dosage adjustments before meaningful improvement is seen.

Gabapentin for Pain vs Gabapentin for Anxiety in Dogs

Gabapentin is prescribed for both pain and anxiety, but the purpose and dosing strategy differ significantly.

Gabapentin for Pain Relief

When used for pain, gabapentin is most effective for:

• Neuropathic pain

• Spinal cord compression

• Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD)

• Chronic osteoarthritis with nerve sensitization

• Post-surgical pain management

In these cases:

• It is given consistently (every 8–12 hours)

• It is often combined with NSAIDs or other pain medications

• The goal is sustained nerve modulation

Gabapentin is not typically used as a sole therapy for acute inflammatory pain but rather as part of a multimodal plan.

Gabapentin for Anxiety

For anxiety-related uses, gabapentin acts as a mild calming agent.

Common anxiety-related prescriptions include:

• Veterinary visit anxiety

• Fireworks or thunderstorm phobia

• Travel-related stress

• Grooming-related fear

When used for anxiety:

• It is often given as a single pre-event dose

• Higher mg/kg dosing may be used compared to arthritis management

• Mild sedation is expected and sometimes desired

Unlike traditional sedatives, gabapentin does not typically cause deep tranquilization at appropriate doses. Most dogs remain responsive but calmer.

Key Differences at a Glance

Purpose	Dosing Pattern	Main Goal	Duration
Chronic Pain	Every 8–12 hours	Reduce nerve pain signaling	Long-term
Situational Anxiety	1–2 hours before event	Mild calming effect	Short-term

Can It Be Used for Both?

Yes. Some dogs with chronic pain also experience stress during movement or medical procedures. In these cases, gabapentin may serve dual roles:

• Pain modulation

• Stress reduction

The dosing plan, however, must be individualized.

Common Side Effects of Gabapentin in Dogs

Gabapentin is generally considered safe in dogs when prescribed appropriately. However, like all medications, it may cause side effects. Most reactions are mild and dose-dependent.

1. Drowsiness and Sedation

The most common side effect is sleepiness.

Owners may notice:

• Increased napping

• Slower response to commands

• Reduced activity level

Mild sedation is expected, especially when starting treatment or increasing the dose. In many cases, dogs adapt within a few days.

2. Loss of Coordination (Ataxia)

Some dogs may appear:

• Wobbly

• Unsteady on their feet

• Slightly disoriented

This is more common at higher doses. If coordination problems interfere with walking or standing, dosage adjustment may be required.

3. Gastrointestinal Upset

Although less common, some dogs may experience:

• Mild diarrhea

• Reduced appetite

• Occasional vomiting

These symptoms are typically temporary.

4. Increased Appetite or Weight Gain

Long-term use may occasionally be associated with appetite changes. This is not as common as sedation but may occur in some patients.

5. Behavioral Changes

Rarely, some dogs may show:

• Agitation

• Restlessness

• Hyperactivity instead of sedation

If behavior changes significantly, veterinary reassessment is recommended.

Are These Side Effects Dangerous?

In most cases, no.

The majority of gabapentin side effects are mild and reversible with dose adjustment. Serious reactions are uncommon when dosing guidelines are followed.

Serious Risks and When to Call a Veterinarian

While gabapentin is considered relatively safe, certain situations require immediate veterinary attention.

1. Severe Sedation or Collapse

Seek veterinary care if your dog:

• Cannot stand

• Is extremely lethargic

• Is unresponsive

• Shows sudden weakness

This may indicate overdose or excessive sensitivity.

2. Accidental Overdose

Signs of overdose may include:

• Profound sedation

• Severe ataxia

• Vomiting

• Tremors

• Abnormal eye movements

If overdose is suspected, contact a veterinarian immediately. Early intervention significantly improves outcomes.

3. Allergic Reactions

Although rare, possible signs include:

• Facial swelling

• Hives

• Difficulty breathing

This is an emergency situation.

4. Kidney Disease Concerns

Gabapentin is eliminated primarily through the kidneys.

Dogs with kidney impairment may accumulate the drug, leading to excessive sedation. In these cases, lower doses or extended dosing intervals are necessary.

5. Abrupt Discontinuation

Suddenly stopping gabapentin after long-term use may lead to:

• Rebound pain

• Restlessness

• In rare cases, seizure risk in predisposed dogs

Tapering is often recommended rather than abrupt cessation.

When in Doubt

Contact your veterinarian if:

• Side effects worsen

• Your dog’s condition does not improve

• You observe new neurological symptoms

Most complications are manageable when addressed early.

Can Gabapentin Make Dogs Sleepy or Unsteady?

Yes. Gabapentin commonly causes sleepiness and mild coordination changes in dogs, especially when treatment is first started or when the dose is increased.

Why Does Gabapentin Cause Sleepiness?

Gabapentin works by reducing excitatory nerve signaling in the brain and spinal cord. While this helps dampen pain and reduce anxiety, it also produces a calming effect. In many cases, mild sedation is expected and even desirable when managing stress or severe discomfort.

Owners may notice:

• Increased sleeping

• Slower movement

• Less interest in play

• Calmer behavior during stressful events

This effect usually becomes less noticeable after several days as the dog adjusts to the medication.

Why Do Some Dogs Appear Wobbly?

At higher doses, gabapentin can cause temporary ataxia (loss of coordination). Dogs may:

• Stumble slightly

• Have difficulty jumping

• Appear off-balance

This happens because gabapentin affects neurological signaling involved in muscle coordination.

If wobbliness is mild and temporary, it is generally not dangerous. However, if your dog:

• Cannot stand properly

• Falls repeatedly

• Appears disoriented

the dose may need adjustment.

Is Sleepiness a Bad Sign?

Not necessarily.

Mild sedation is one of the most predictable and manageable side effects. It becomes concerning only when:

• Your dog is extremely lethargic

• Hard to wake

• Unresponsive

• Weak or collapsing

In those cases, veterinary evaluation is necessary.

Gabapentin Overdose in Dogs: Warning Signs

Gabapentin has a relatively wide safety margin in dogs, but overdose can still occur — especially if:

• A dog ingests multiple capsules accidentally

• A human formulation with incorrect concentration is given

• Dosing instructions are misunderstood

Common Signs of Overdose

Symptoms may include:

• Severe sedation

• Inability to stand

• Extreme wobbliness

• Vomiting

• Tremors

• Abnormal eye movements

• Slowed breathing in severe cases

The severity depends on the amount ingested and the dog’s size.

What Should You Do If Overdose Is Suspected?

1. Contact your veterinarian immediately.

2. Provide the exact medication strength and estimated amount ingested.

3. Do not attempt to induce vomiting without veterinary instruction.

Early treatment greatly improves recovery outcomes.

Is Gabapentin Overdose Fatal?

Fatal outcomes are uncommon when medical care is provided promptly. Most cases involve supportive treatment such as:

• Monitoring

• IV fluids

• Observation

• Symptom management

Because gabapentin is cleared through the kidneys, hydration and time are key components of recovery.

Special Warning About Liquid Formulations

Some human gabapentin liquid products contain xylitol, an artificial sweetener that is toxic to dogs. Even small amounts of xylitol can cause:

• Dangerous drops in blood sugar

• Liver damage

Always confirm that any liquid formulation is xylitol-free before administration.

Can Gabapentin Be Used Long-Term in Dogs?

Yes, gabapentin can be used long-term in dogs when medically indicated and properly monitored. It is commonly prescribed for chronic conditions such as osteoarthritis, neuropathic pain, spinal disease, and certain ongoing anxiety disorders.

Unlike NSAIDs, gabapentin does not directly affect the liver or stomach lining in the same way. This makes it a valuable option for dogs that cannot tolerate anti-inflammatory drugs. However, long-term therapy still requires oversight.

When Long-Term Use Is Appropriate

Gabapentin is often continued for months or even years in cases such as:

• Chronic arthritis with nerve sensitization

• Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD)

• Degenerative spinal conditions

• Chronic post-surgical nerve pain

In these cases, the goal is sustained nerve modulation and improved quality of life.

Is Long-Term Gabapentin Safe?

For most healthy dogs, yes — when dosed correctly.

However, monitoring becomes more important in:

• Senior dogs

• Dogs with kidney disease

• Dogs taking multiple medications

Because gabapentin is eliminated primarily through the kidneys, reduced kidney function can lead to drug accumulation. In such cases, dose adjustments or extended dosing intervals may be necessary.

Does Tolerance Develop?

Some dogs may appear to need higher doses over time. This is not always true drug tolerance. Instead, it may reflect:

• Progression of the underlying disease

• Increased nerve sensitization

• Changes in body weight

Dose adjustments should always be veterinarian-guided rather than owner-driven.

Long-Term Side Effects

Most long-term side effects remain similar to short-term ones:

• Mild sedation

• Coordination changes

• Occasional gastrointestinal upset

Severe long-term complications are uncommon when monitored properly.

Gabapentin Withdrawal in Dogs: Is It Dangerous to Stop Suddenly?

Abruptly stopping gabapentin after long-term use is generally not recommended.

While gabapentin is not considered highly addictive, sudden discontinuation can lead to:

• Rebound pain

• Increased anxiety

• Restlessness

• Rarely, seizure risk in neurologically predisposed dogs

This happens because the nervous system has adapted to reduced excitatory signaling. Removing the medication suddenly can temporarily increase neural activity.

How Should Gabapentin Be Stopped?

Veterinarians typically recommend gradual tapering, especially if the dog:

• Has been on gabapentin for several weeks or longer

• Is receiving high doses

• Has a history of seizures

A tapering plan may involve:

• Reducing the dose incrementally over several days

• Increasing the interval between doses

• Monitoring closely for pain recurrence

What Does Rebound Pain Look Like?

Owners may notice:

• Increased stiffness

• Vocalization

• Reluctance to move

• Anxiety-like behaviors

If these occur, veterinary reassessment is needed.

Is Withdrawal an Emergency?

In most healthy dogs, withdrawal symptoms are mild and manageable. However, if your dog shows:

• Tremors

• Seizure activity

• Severe agitation

immediate veterinary care is required.

Drug Interactions: What Should Not Be Mixed With Gabapentin?

Gabapentin is generally well tolerated in dogs and has fewer drug interactions compared to many other medications. However, certain combinations require caution and veterinary supervision.

1. Sedatives and Central Nervous System Depressants

Gabapentin can enhance the sedative effects of other medications that depress the central nervous system.

Examples include:

• Opioids (such as tramadol)

• Benzodiazepines

• Certain anesthetics

• Trazodone

• Other anti-anxiety medications

When combined, these drugs may cause:

• Excessive sedation

• Severe weakness

• Reduced coordination

• Slowed breathing in rare cases

This does not mean the combination is unsafe. In fact, gabapentin is often intentionally combined with other medications in multimodal pain protocols. The key is proper dose adjustment and monitoring.

2. Antacids

Antacids containing aluminum or magnesium may reduce gabapentin absorption when given simultaneously.

To avoid this interaction:

• Separate gabapentin and antacids by at least 2 hours.

3. Other Anti-Seizure Medications

Dogs on phenobarbital or other anti-seizure drugs may receive gabapentin as adjunct therapy. While generally safe together, careful monitoring is required to avoid excessive sedation.

4. Kidney-Affecting Medications

Because gabapentin is eliminated through the kidneys, drugs that significantly affect kidney function may alter how gabapentin is processed. Dose adjustments may be necessary in such cases.

Always Inform Your Veterinarian

Before starting gabapentin, your veterinarian should know:

• All prescription medications

• Over-the-counter supplements

• Herbal products

• Any recent changes in diet or health status

Self-adjusting combinations without professional guidance increases the risk of complications.

Is Human Gabapentin Safe for Dogs?

Gabapentin prescribed for humans can sometimes be used in dogs, but only under veterinary supervision.

The active ingredient is the same. However, there are important risks to consider.

Capsule and Tablet Forms

Human capsules and tablets (such as 100 mg, 300 mg, or 400 mg strengths) may be used in dogs if:

• The dose aligns with the dog’s calculated requirement

• The medication contains no harmful additives

Many veterinarians prescribe human-labeled gabapentin because veterinary-specific versions are limited.

Liquid Formulations: A Major Warning

Some human gabapentin liquid formulations contain xylitol, an artificial sweetener that is highly toxic to dogs.

Even small amounts of xylitol can cause:

• Severe hypoglycemia (dangerously low blood sugar)

• Liver failure

• Life-threatening complications

Always confirm that a liquid formulation is completely xylitol-free before giving it to a dog.

Never Self-Prescribe

Even though gabapentin is commonly used in dogs, dosing errors are possible. Human prescriptions are based on body weight and conditions very different from canine physiology.

Giving leftover human medication without guidance may lead to:

• Underdosing (ineffective treatment)

• Overdosing (sedation or toxicity)

• Missed diagnosis of the underlying condition

The Bottom Line

Human gabapentin can be appropriate for dogs when prescribed correctly. However, strength, formulation, and dosing must always be veterinarian-directed.

Special Considerations for Senior Dogs and Dogs With Kidney Disease

Gabapentin can be used safely in many senior dogs, but extra caution is required because aging affects how medications are processed in the body.

Why Senior Dogs Require Careful Monitoring

As dogs age:

• Kidney function may decline

• Drug clearance slows

• Sensitivity to sedation increases

Because gabapentin is eliminated primarily through the kidneys, reduced renal function can cause the medication to remain in the bloodstream longer. This increases the risk of excessive sedation and coordination problems.

Gabapentin in Dogs With Kidney Disease

In dogs with diagnosed kidney disease:

• Lower starting doses are often used

• Dosing intervals may be extended

• Close monitoring is necessary

Rather than giving the medication every 8 hours, a veterinarian may recommend every 12 hours or even longer intervals depending on laboratory results.

Signs that gabapentin may be accumulating include:

• Unusual lethargy

• Persistent wobbliness

• Decreased responsiveness

• Reduced appetite

If these occur, dosage reassessment is needed.

Balancing Comfort and Safety

Senior dogs often suffer from chronic pain conditions such as arthritis or spinal degeneration. In many cases, gabapentin improves quality of life significantly.

The key is individualized dosing and periodic reassessment, not automatic avoidance.

Monitoring Recommendations

For long-term use in seniors or renal patients, veterinarians may recommend:

• Periodic blood work

• Kidney function evaluation

• Behavioral monitoring at home

This ensures that benefits continue to outweigh potential risks.

Frequently Asked Questions About Gabapentin for Dogs

Is gabapentin safe for dogs?

Yes, gabapentin is generally considered safe for dogs when prescribed and dosed correctly by a veterinarian. Most side effects are mild and dose-dependent. The most common issue is temporary drowsiness. Serious complications are uncommon when used appropriately.

What is the correct gabapentin dosage for dogs?

Typical dosing ranges between 5–20 mg per kilogram of body weight, given every 8 to 12 hours depending on the condition being treated. The exact dosage depends on the dog’s weight, health status, and whether it is being used for pain or anxiety. Only a veterinarian should determine the correct amount.

How long does gabapentin take to work in dogs?

Gabapentin usually begins working within 1–2 hours after administration. For anxiety, effects are often noticeable the same day. For chronic pain, consistent dosing over several days may be required for optimal benefit.

Can gabapentin make dogs sleepy?

Yes. Mild sedation is the most common side effect. Many dogs appear calmer or more relaxed. Excessive sleepiness or inability to stand properly may indicate the dose is too high.

Why is my dog wobbly after taking gabapentin?

Gabapentin can temporarily affect coordination, especially at higher doses. Mild wobbliness is usually not dangerous. However, severe balance problems require veterinary evaluation.

Can gabapentin be used for arthritis in dogs?

Yes. Gabapentin is frequently used as part of a multimodal pain management plan for dogs with arthritis. It works by reducing nerve sensitization rather than directly decreasing inflammation.

Is gabapentin used for anxiety in dogs?

Yes. Gabapentin is commonly prescribed for situational anxiety such as vet visits, fireworks, or travel stress. It produces a calming effect without heavy sedation when properly dosed.

Can I give my dog human gabapentin?

Human gabapentin capsules may sometimes be used under veterinary supervision. However, liquid forms may contain xylitol, which is toxic to dogs. Never give leftover human medication without professional guidance.

What are the signs of gabapentin overdose in dogs?

Signs may include severe lethargy, inability to stand, tremors, vomiting, or extreme wobbliness. If overdose is suspected, immediate veterinary care is necessary.

Can gabapentin be given long-term?

Yes, it is often used long-term for chronic pain conditions. Regular monitoring is recommended, especially in senior dogs or those with kidney disease.

Is it dangerous to stop gabapentin suddenly?

Sudden discontinuation after long-term use may lead to rebound pain or restlessness. Gradual tapering is typically recommended.

Can gabapentin affect the kidneys?

Gabapentin is eliminated through the kidneys. Dogs with kidney disease may require lower doses or extended dosing intervals. Regular monitoring is important in such cases.

Can gabapentin be given with other medications?

It is often safely combined with NSAIDs, opioids, or anti-anxiety medications. However, combining multiple sedating drugs can increase drowsiness. Always inform your veterinarian about all medications your dog is taking.

Can puppies take gabapentin?

Gabapentin may be used in younger dogs for specific medical reasons under veterinary supervision. Dosing must be carefully calculated based on body weight.

What should I do if I miss a dose?

If you miss a dose, give it when remembered unless it is close to the next scheduled dose. Do not double the dose without veterinary advice.

Sources

• Plumb, D. C. (2024). Plumb’s Veterinary Drug Handbook. Wiley-Blackwell.

• Boothe, D. M. (2016). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Elsevier.

• Papich, M. G. (2020). Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs: Small and Large Animal. Elsevier.

• American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA). Pain management guidelines for companion animals.

• World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA). Global Pain Council Guidelines.

• Epstein, M. E., et al. (2015). AAHA/AAFP Pain Management Guidelines for Dogs and Cats. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association.

• KuKanich, B. (2016). Pharmacokinetics of gabapentin in dogs. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics.