Basic Vaccination Schedule for Dogs: Vaccination Schedule for Puppies, Adults, and Senior Dogs
- VetSağlıkUzmanı
- 3 days ago
- 25 min read
What is a Dog Vaccination Schedule and Why Is It Critical?
The canine vaccination schedule is a scientifically developed program designed to provide lifelong protection against viral and bacterial diseases. This program isn't just about injections at specific dates; it's a personalized health roadmap tailored to the dog's age, immune system, lifestyle, environmental risks, health history, and genetic factors. A properly implemented vaccination schedule significantly prevents dogs from contracting fatal infections and plays a critical role in protecting public health.
The primary purpose of vaccination in dogs is to introduce antigens that don't cause disease but stimulate the immune system sufficiently to elicit an immune response. This allows the dog's body to mount a rapid and powerful defense against future exposure to the virus. This mechanism provides long-lasting immunity against severe infections such as distemper , parvovirus , hepatitis, leptospirosis, and rabies.
The vaccination schedule is especially important for puppies. This is because maternal antibodies quickly wane. Puppies become vulnerable to infections from their first weeks. Repeat vaccinations during this period help build immune memory. Annual booster doses are necessary for continued protection in adult dogs. Because older dogs' immune systems naturally weaken, the vaccination schedule requires more careful planning.
The vaccination schedule also has a critical impact on public health. Regular vaccination is essential, particularly for controlling zoonotic (animal-to-human) diseases like rabies . Vaccination of stray dogs prevents outbreaks in cities and helps maintain herd immunity.
When vaccination schedules are missed, dogs not only become vulnerable to disease but also increase their risk of transmitting the virus to other animals and humans. Pathogens like parvovirus, which can survive in the environment for months, spread rapidly in unvaccinated dogs and can cause high mortality rates.
In conclusion, the dog vaccination schedule is a preventative health program that every dog owner should be aware of and follow. Regularly following this schedule ensures a healthy dog life and contributes to the control of infectious diseases throughout society.
Vaccination Program for Puppies (0–16 Weeks Detailed Roadmap)
A puppy's immune system develops rapidly in the first weeks, but this is also the time when they are most vulnerable to disease. While antibodies acquired through mother's milk may initially protect, they quickly lose their effectiveness. Therefore, the period between 0 and 16 weeks is the most critical for vaccination. The foundation of a puppy's immunity is established during this period.
0–6 Week Period: Preparation Phase
Most vaccinations are not administered during this period. This is because maternal antibodies are still active. However, early vaccination can be administered to stray, motherless, or at-risk puppies under veterinary supervision.
Things to do in this process:
First internal parasite treatment (starts at 2–3 weeks of age)
External parasite control if necessary
The puppy's temperature, hydration and general condition should be closely monitored.
6–8 Weeks of Vaccination Start: Puppy DP and First Combination Vaccine
Most puppies are ready to receive their first vaccinations between 6 and 8 weeks of age .
During this period, usually:
Puppy DP (Distemper + Parvo starter vaccine) or
The first dose of the combined vaccine is applied.
Distemper and parvovirus have a very high mortality rate in puppies, so early protection is extremely important.
9–12 Week Period: Combination Vaccine 2nd Dose + Leptospirosis Onset
The second combination vaccine is administered 3–4 weeks after the first dose. During this period, the first dose of leptospirosis vaccine may also be administered (L4 or L2 form depending on the clinic used).
Vaccines administered during this period:
Mixed (DHPP) 2nd dose
Leptospirosis 1st dose
Internal/external parasite recurrences
12–16 Week Period: Combination Vaccine 3rd Dose + Leptospirosis 2nd Dose + Rabies Vaccine
This is the stage when the puppy's immunity is fully established.
What is usually done:
Mixed 3rd dose
Leptospirosis 2nd dose
Rabies Vaccine (after 12 weeks)
Rabies vaccination is a legal obligation in Türkiye and must be administered starting from 12 weeks of age.
After 16 Weeks: Completion of the Program
In some clinics, the 4th mixed dose may be preferred, especially:
In multi-dog homes
Those with a history of street dogs
In puppies with low immunity
After this age, the puppy is ready for annual booster doses.
The Importance of a Puppy Vaccination Program
Vaccinations administered between 0 and 16 weeks:
Reduces the risk of fatal diseases by over 90%
Creates immune memory
Makes the socialization process safe
Eliminates the risk of epidemics such as parvo and distemper
Since incomplete or delayed vaccinations can cause serious health problems in the future, the puppy's vaccination schedule should be completed in accordance with the veterinarian's recommendations.
Adult Dog Vaccination Schedule and Annual Booster Doses
Adult dogs (1–7 years old) are at their most stable immune system. However, this doesn't mean vaccination requirements are eliminated. On the contrary, annual booster doses are absolutely essential to maintain the immunity established during puppyhood. The protection provided by vaccines diminishes over time, and dogs may become vulnerable to infection again.
The vaccination schedule is divided into “core vaccines” and “optional/risk-based vaccines” depending on the dog’s lifestyle.
Core Vaccines
All dogs need these vaccinations regularly.
1. Combination Vaccine (DHPP) – Annual Combination Vaccine provides strong protection against distemper, hepatitis, parainfluenza, and parvovirus. Due to high viral loads in Turkey, most clinics prefer annual booster shots. Failure to regularly administer the combination vaccine can lead to serious outbreaks, particularly with viruses like parvovirus, which can survive in the environment for months.
2. Rabies Vaccine – Annually (Legal Obligation) Rabies vaccination is mandatory for all dogs in Turkey. The rabies vaccination must be up to date for vaccination cards, travel documents and city controls.
Risk-Based Vaccines (Non-Core Vaccines)
It is applied according to the dog's lifestyle, travel habits, regional disease rates and level of contact.
1. Leptospirosis Vaccine – Annually or Every 6 Months (in risky areas). It is almost mandatory for dogs living in areas with a lot of standing water, in rural areas, or roaming muddy areas. It is a dangerous disease that can also be transmitted to humans.
2. Bordetella (Kennel Cough) Vaccine – Annually or Every 6 Months Recommended for dogs that frequently visit dog hotels, farms, boarding houses, training grounds and social parks.
3. Lyme Vaccine – Applied to dogs that spend time in rural areas in tick-intensive areas .
4. Corona Vaccine (CCoV) – According to Clinical Recommendation It is not routine in every clinic, it is performed according to the epidemiological situation.
Parasite Applications (Complement to the Vaccination Schedule)
In adult dogs:
External parasite : Once a month
Internal parasites : Every 2–3 months
Regular administration increases the effectiveness of vaccines, as parasite load suppresses immunity.
General Evaluation
In adult dogs, interrupting the vaccination schedule creates immune gaps. These gaps significantly increase the risk of disease. Booster doses are essential, especially for dogs exposed to the outdoors.
Vaccination Routine and Immune Management in Senior Dogs
Older dogs (ages 7 and older) enter a period when the immune system begins to weaken, chronic diseases become more common, and physiological resistance decreases. Therefore, vaccinations should be planned more carefully. The goal is to protect the dog from unnecessary vaccination load while minimizing the risk of infection.
Pre-Vaccination Health Assessment in Senior Dogs
Before vaccination, a thorough veterinary check is required:
Blood tests (kidney, liver, glucose values)
Thyroid function test
Heart and lung evaluation
Tests such as FeLV/FIV (especially if there is a history of disease)
Body condition score and weight status
Whether there are signs of infection
The immune response may be slower and weaker in senior dogs, so vaccinations should always be planned individually.
Which Vaccinations Are Required for Senior Dogs?
1. Combination Vaccine (DHPP) It is usually administered annually; in some low-risk dogs, a biennial protocol can also be applied, but in Turkey, annual repetition is safer due to viral load.
2. Rabies Vaccine is administered at all ages due to legal obligation. However, for dogs with very serious chronic diseases, a medical exemption report may be issued by the veterinarian.
Vaccines Applied According to Risk Status
1. Leptospirosis Vaccine Should be carefully evaluated in dogs with renal failure, but is generally administered in risk areas.
2. Bordetella and Parainfluenza: Recommended for social dogs. Older dogs are more likely to experience respiratory infections.
Vaccination Risks in Senior Dogs
Side effects may be more likely in older dogs than in puppies and adults:
More pronounced fatigue
Prolonged recovery time
Hypersensitivity at the vaccination site
Short-term loss of appetite
Although rare, fever
Therefore, 48-hour observation after vaccination is important in older dogs.
Additional Factors That Support Immunity in Older Dogs
To increase the effectiveness of the vaccine:
Omega-3 supplements
Quality wet food and high protein content
Regular blood tests
Regular parasite application
Routines that reduce depression (lower stress levels)
Regular exercise program
If the dog's general health is good, the effect of the vaccines will be stronger.
Conclusion
Vaccination is essential for senior dogs to maintain their defenses against disease, but each dog should be evaluated individually. Vaccination frequency should be optimized based on the dog's age and health status.
Dog Vaccination Costs 2025 (Current Prices for Türkiye)
As of 2025, dog vaccination prices across Turkey will vary from clinic to clinic, but remain within a certain average range. Prices vary depending on the vaccine brand, whether it's imported or domestic, the city where the vaccine is administered, the cost of veterinary services, and whether a checkup is included. Furthermore, pre-vaccination parasite screenings, blood tests, and clinic equipment also impact the total cost.
Average vaccine costs in Türkiye for 2025 are as follows:
Combination Vaccine (DHPP) – 2025 Price Range
The combination vaccine, which provides the most basic protection in dogs, creates immunity against deadly diseases such as distemper, hepatitis, parvovirus and parainfluenza. 2025 prices:
Local clinics: 600 – 900 TL
Imported and premium brands: 900 – 1,600 TL
Package including inspection: 1,200 – 2,000 TL
2–3 doses are administered during puppies; once a year for adult and senior dogs. Annual costs should be calculated based on this cycle.
Rabies Vaccine – 2025 Price Range
Rabies vaccination for dogs is a legal requirement in Türkiye and must be repeated every year.
Rabies vaccine: 300 – 700 TL
Inspection included: 700 – 1,300 TL
In most clinics, rabies vaccination is administered by registering with the official registry, and there may be price differences when the procedure is carried out together with the microchip.
Leptospirosis Vaccine – 2025 Price Range
It provides protection against dangerous leptospira bacteria, which grow in water, are transmitted by rodents, and can also be transmitted to humans.
Price range: 700 – 1,500 TL
Imported brands: 1,500 – 2,300 TL
Two doses are administered in the first year, then once a year thereafter.
Bordetella (Kennel Cough) Vaccine – 2025 Price Range
This vaccine has become mandatory for dog hotels, boarding houses, training areas and multi-dog houses:
Price range: 600 – 1,400 TL
Intranasal versions applied through the nose: 900 – 1,800 TL
Parainfluenza (PI) and Adenovirus Vaccines
Usually included in the combined vaccine; prices when separate administration is required:
Price range: 500 – 1,000 TL
Corona (CCoV) Vaccine
It is not routine in every clinic; it is applied according to the epidemiological situation.
Price range: 600 – 1,200 TL
Total Annual Cost for All Vaccines
Average annual vaccination and examination expenses for a dog: 3,500 – 7,500 TL (May be higher for social or rural dogs.)
City-Based Price Differences
When combined with regular veterinary check-ups, vaccination costs are a very small investment compared to the costs of treating serious diseases.
Types of Dog Vaccines and the Diseases They Protect Against (Table)
The table below comprehensively lists dog vaccines, the diseases they protect against, and brief explanations, in accordance with our blog guidelines.
Dog Vaccines and Protection Areas Table
Vaccine Type | Diseases It Protects Against | Disease Description |
Combination Vaccine (DHPP) | Distemper, Hepatitis (Adenovirus-1), Parvovirus, Parainfluenza | Distemper is a fatal disease that affects the nervous system and respiratory tract. Parvo causes severe, bloody diarrhea and has a high mortality rate, especially in puppies. Hepatitis and parainfluenza cause serious respiratory and liver problems. |
Rabies Vaccine | Rabies virus | A zoonotic, 100% fatal viral disease that affects the nervous system. Annual repetition is a legal requirement in Türkiye. |
Leptospirosis Vaccine (L2 or L4) | Leptospira bacteria | Bacteria that thrive in water, mud, and rodent feces can cause kidney and liver failure. They can also be transmitted to humans (zoonotic). |
Bordetella Vaccine (Kennel Cough) | Bordetella bronchiseptica | A respiratory infection with a severe cough that spreads rapidly in social environments such as dog hotels, boarding houses, and training areas. |
Lyme Vaccine | Borrelia burgdorferi | This tick-borne disease can cause joint pain, fever, and neurological symptoms. It is common in rural areas. |
Corona Vaccine (CCoV) | Canine coronavirus | A digestive system infection most commonly seen in puppies. It's usually mild, but can become severe in dogs with weakened immune systems. |
Influenza Vaccine (H3N2/H3N8) | Canine influenza viruses | It is common in the United States and some other countries and can cause outbreaks in shelters. Its use is limited in Türkiye. |
This table allows dog owners to clearly see which vaccines protect against which diseases. It's particularly clear that the combination and rabies vaccines are core, while the leptospirosis and bordetella vaccines are risk-based.
Pre-Vaccination Preparation and Clinical Examination Protocol
Proper preparation before vaccination is critical for safe and effective vaccinations in dogs. Vaccination is not merely a process that stimulates immunity; it is a comprehensive clinical process that assesses the dog's current health status. This preparation, especially in puppies and older dogs, directly impacts vaccine efficacy and safety.
Preparations to be Made at Home Before Vaccination
Dog owners should pay attention to certain points before administering the vaccine:
1. The dog's general condition should be monitored. If the dog exhibits weakness, loss of appetite, diarrhea, vomiting , cough, runny nose, or any other obvious signs of illness, vaccination should be postponed. Vaccination administered to sick animals can suppress immunity and increase the severity of the disease.
2. A normal meal schedule should be maintained. It is not necessary to starve the dog before vaccination. Excessive feeding is also not recommended; it should be fed according to its normal routine.
3. Stress should be reduced. Excessive play, strenuous walks, or stressful situations are not recommended before vaccination. Keeping the dog calm and relaxed positively affects the immune response.
4. Parasite treatments must be controlled. Internal and external parasites can suppress immunity, so they must be controlled before vaccination.
Internal parasite application : It is usually done 3–5 days before the vaccination.
External parasite application : It is not recommended to do it on the same day.
These preparations ensure safer administration of the vaccine and reduce possible side effects after vaccination.
Clinical Examination Protocol (Pre-Vaccination)
Before the vaccination, the veterinarian performs a physical examination and evaluates whether there is a condition that may prevent the vaccination.
1. Physical examination:
Temperature measurement
Respiratory examination
Listening to the heart
Mouth, eye and ear check
Dehydration assessment
Lymph node examination
This assessment determines whether the dog is suitable for vaccination at that time.
2. Review vaccination history. Previous vaccinations, administration dates, and brands used are reviewed. This information is essential for planning the new schedule.
3. Risk analysis The dog's lifestyle, level of contact with the outside environment, travel history and interaction with other animals are evaluated.
4. Required tests (Depending on the situation)
Rapid testing in leptospirosis-intensive areas
Blood test in older dogs
Bordetella assessment in social dogs
5. Administering the vaccine: The vaccine is administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly. Some vaccines (such as Bordetella) can be administered intranasally. The administration is brief, and most dogs experience minimal stress.
6. Post-vaccination record: Vaccination information, date, and lot number are recorded in both the vaccination record and the clinic system. This record is crucial for subsequent years.
The pre-vaccine preparation and examination protocol is a process that should not be skipped for the sake of the dog's health and the effectiveness of the vaccine.
Possible Post-Vaccination Side Effects and Their Management
Vaccines are generally very safe, but like any medical procedure, dogs can experience some side effects. Most of these side effects are mild and temporary. Most of these symptoms indicate an active immune system. However, it's crucial for dog owners to understand which symptoms are normal and which require immediate attention.
Normal Side Effects (Passed in 24–48 Hours)
1. Mild lethargy and drowsiness: Dogs may be calmer after vaccination. This is a natural result of immune activation.
2. Mild fever: Body temperature may rise to 39.5°C. This usually resolves within 24 hours.
3. Loss of appetite: It is normal to experience a loss of appetite that may last 12–24 hours after vaccination.
4. Swelling, hardness or increased warmth in the vaccination area. This swelling disappears on its own within a few days.
5. Mild cough or sneezing (especially after bordetella) Vaccines administered intranasally may cause short-term respiratory symptoms.
These symptoms usually resolve on their own and are not a cause for concern.
Moderate Side Effects (Must Be Monitored Carefully)
Fever of 40°C or higher
Persistent diarrhea
Loss of appetite for more than 48 hours
Growing swelling at the vaccination site
In this case, the veterinarian should be notified.
Serious Side Effects That Constitute an Emergency Situation
It is rare but requires immediate intervention.
1. Anaphylaxis (hypersensitivity reaction) usually occurs within the first 30 minutes after vaccination. Symptoms:
Sudden collapse
Severe weakness
Difficulty breathing
Widespread swelling throughout the body
Vomiting – diarrhea: In this case, the dog should be taken to the veterinary clinic immediately .
2. Tumor formation at the vaccination site (FISS-like reaction – very rare) At the vaccination site:
Swelling lasting longer than 3 weeks
A hard mass larger than 2 cm
Lesion that continues to grow: These symptoms require veterinary evaluation.
Post-Vaccination Home Care Recommendations
The dog should be provided with a calm environment.
Strenuous exercises should be avoided.
Clean water and food should always be available.
The vaccination area should not be manipulated by hand.
48-hour observation should be done.
Mild side effects following vaccination are a normal immune response. However, if serious symptoms develop, prompt intervention is crucial.
The Mechanism of Action of Vaccines on the Immune System
Vaccines in dogs work by stimulating the immune system, as if it were encountering a real virus, to create an immune memory before the dog can contract the disease. The vaccine contains antigens that don't cause disease but do stimulate the immune system. When these antigens are administered to the dog, the immune system perceives them as a "danger" and activates its defense mechanisms.
What Happens When the Vaccine Enters the Body?
After the vaccine is administered, the first cells that present antigens come into play are dendritic cells and macrophages. These cells:
Captures antigen
Works
It then presents to T lymphocytes
Once T lymphocytes receive this presentation, the “active immunity” process begins.
The Role of T Cells
T cells activated after vaccination undertake two main tasks:
Helper T cells: Provide coordination of immunity and stimulate B cells to produce antibodies.
Cytotoxic T cells: Target intracellular viruses and destroy them.
In this way, when the dog encounters the real virus, it responds quickly before infection occurs.
Antibody Production by B Cells
One of the most important effects of vaccines is the initiation of specific antibody production . These antibodies:
Neutralizes viruses
Prevents the virus from entering cells
Does not allow infection to occur
Antibody production is vital, especially against aggressive viruses such as parvovirus and distemper.
Formation of Memory Cells
Memory T and B cells are the basis for the long-term protection of vaccines. These cells:
It creates a very rapid immune response when encountered with the same disease agent.
It allows antibody levels to rise again
Destroys the virus before the disease has a chance to start
That's why booster doses are administered to puppies to ensure a strong immune memory.
Differences in the Effects of Modified Live and Inactivated Vaccines
Modified live vaccines:
Creates stronger immune response
The protection period is longer
It can usually be effective with a single dose.
Inactivated (killed) vaccines:
It is considered safer
More than one dose is required because the immune response is weaker
Most clinics prefer modified live combination vaccines for strong immunity during puppyhood.
Duration of Protection of Vaccines
Parvovirus: 1–3 years
Distemper: 1–3 years
Rabies: 1 year (annual requirement in Türkiye)
Leptospirosis: 6–12 months
Since the viral load is high in Türkiye, annual repeat protocols are considered safer.
Conclusion
Vaccines train dogs' immune systems before they contract the actual disease, providing protection and strengthening long-term immune memory. This process has been scientifically proven and has become the most important preventative medicine practice in canine health.
What Happens If There Is a Delay in the Vaccination Schedule?
A delay in the vaccination schedule creates a "gap" in a dog's immune system. During this gap, immunity levels decline, making the dog more vulnerable to disease. The impact of a delay varies depending on the dog's age and the number of vaccines missed.
Risks of Delay in Puppies
Delay is much more dangerous because the puppy's immune system is not yet fully developed.
If karma is delayed, basic immunity will not be activated.
If the dose is delayed, the antibody level will not rise sufficiently
If the dose is not administered, immune memory will not occur.
Parvovirus risk may increase by up to 300%
Parvo , the most deadly disease in puppies, spreads very quickly and has a very high mortality rate in dogs whose vaccination schedules are disrupted.
Delay in Adult Dogs
Although delay does not cause complete lack of protection in adult dogs:
Immunity level decreases
Increased risks of parvovirus and distemper
Delaying rabies vaccination may cause legal problems
Social dogs have an increased risk of bordetella and leptospirosis outbreaks
Many adult dogs are brought to clinics with the disease due to delayed vaccination.
Delay in Senior Dogs
Delay due to weakened immune systems of senior dogs:
Severe course of the disease
Long recovery time
Respiratory and digestive tract infections spread easily
may be the cause.
The risks of delay are more serious in this age group.
What to Do If the Vaccination Schedule is Delayed?
The veterinarian will use one of the following strategies:
1. The Program is Started Over: Especially if there is a delay in puppies, the combined vaccination program is rearranged.
2. Complete the Missing Dose. This method is generally applied to adult and senior dogs.
3. Antibody Level Measurement (Titer test) In some cases, the necessity of vaccination can be determined by measuring the antibody level. However, this test is not common because it is expensive.
The Invisible Consequences of Delay
The risk of an outbreak increases in shared dog houses
Increased likelihood of transmission to puppies
Risk of legal sanctions due to rabies
Parvo and distemper can survive in the environment for months, increasing the likelihood of being a carrier.
Conclusion
While a delay in the vaccination schedule may seem innocent, it poses serious risks to your dog's health. If a delay is noticed, a veterinarian should be consulted immediately to determine the most appropriate schedule.
Vaccination Differences Between House and Outdoor Dogs
A dog's lifestyle is one of the most fundamental variables determining the vaccination schedule. Just because a dog spends most of its time indoors doesn't mean it's risk-free; similarly, the risk increases exponentially for dogs that go outside. Therefore, the vaccination schedule should be scientifically tailored to the dog's lifestyle.
Vaccination Requirements for Pet Dogs
While indoor dogs have limited contact with the outside world, the risk isn't entirely zero. Viral diseases can be transmitted into the home through:
People's shoes and clothes
External environments that guests visiting the house come into contact with
Open areas of the house such as balconies and gardens
Packages and items coming from outside
Indirect contact with stray animals
Therefore, the following vaccinations are essential for all pet dogs:
1. Combination Vaccine (DHPP) – Annual Parvovirus is the basic protection against deadly diseases like distemper and hepatitis.
2. Rabies Vaccine - Annual is a legal requirement in Turkey. Having a pet dog does not eliminate this requirement.
3. Parasite Control Treatments – Even regular household dogs are at risk of fleas and ticks. Therefore, external parasite control should be applied monthly, and internal parasite control should be applied every 2–3 months.
Optional vaccines for pet dogs:
Bordetella (for socializers)
Leptospirosis (in rural or waterlogged areas)
Vaccination Requirements for Outdoor Dogs
Dogs that go outside come into contact with a wider microbial environment, so their risk levels are much higher. Therefore, a more comprehensive program is required.
Mandatory or highly recommended vaccinations for these dogs:
1. Combination Vaccine – Must Be Annually Parvo and distemper spread very quickly in the outdoor environment.
2. Rabies Vaccine – Annually It is vital for dogs that go outside due to zoonotic risk.
3. Leptospirosis Vaccine – Must be Annually or Every 6 Months The risk is high in wetlands, rural areas, farms, parks and walking trails.
4. Bordetella (Kennel Cough) – Mandatory for Social Dogs. Required for park visits, dog hotels, boarding houses, training areas, crowded environments.
5. Lyme Vaccine – It should be administered to dogs that spend time outdoors or camping in tick-infested areas .
The Main Difference Between Indoor and Outdoor Dog Vaccination Schedules
Dog Type | Mandatory Vaccines | Supplementary Vaccinations | Risk Level |
House Dog | Karma, Rabies | Bordetella (depending on the situation), Leptospirosis (depending on the region) | Middle |
Dog Going Out | Karma, Rabies, Leptospirosis | Bordetella, Lyme, Corona (depending on the clinic) | Very high |
Conclusion
Basic vaccinations provide protection for indoor dogs, but booster vaccinations become mandatory for outdoor dogs. When a dog changes its lifestyle (for example, a dog that starts hiking from an indoor dog), the vaccination schedule should also be revised.
Vaccination Strategies for High-Risk and Immunocompromised Dogs
Vaccination procedures for dogs that are immunocompromised or have a history of illness should be considered differently than usual. These include dogs with chronic diseases, older dogs, those undergoing chemotherapy, those with severe infections, or those with genetic immune system problems.
Objective: To maintain protective immunity at the highest level while avoiding unnecessary vaccine burden.
1. Dogs with Chronic Diseases
For example, vaccination is administered with greater caution in dogs with kidney failure, liver disease, diabetes or heart failure.
A complete blood test should be performed before vaccination.
Inactivated vaccines may be safer.
The timing of vaccination should be planned according to the period when the disease is stable.
2. Puppies with Weak Immunity
In motherless, underweight, malnourished or weak puppies:
Body temperature, hydration, and energy levels should be corrected before vaccination.
The program is followed more strictly than for adults.
If vaccination is delayed, the protocol is usually started from the beginning.
3. Dogs with Different Infections
In dogs with distemper, parvo, or severe respiratory infections:
The immune system is expected to recover.
Vaccines are not administered during periods of intensive antibiotic/antiviral treatment.
The parasite load must be reduced.
4. Senior Dogs
The risk of side effects is higher.
The post-vaccination observation period is extended.
In dogs with long-term chronic diseases, the vaccination interval may be extended if necessary.
5. Allergic Dogs
In those who have had a previous reaction to a vaccine:
The vaccine is repeated with a different brand.
Antihistamine may be administered before vaccination (at the discretion of the veterinarian).
After the vaccination, there will be a 30-minute observation period in the clinic.
6. Dogs Receiving Chemotherapy or Immunosuppressive Therapy
Live modified vaccines are not used.
Inactivated or recombinant vaccines are preferred.
Immune status is evaluated according to the treatment process.
7. General Strategy for Risky Dogs
Avoid unnecessary vaccine burden
Do not neglect blood tests and general examinations
Keep parasite control regular
Keep stress levels to a minimum
Observe carefully after vaccination
Conclusion
Vaccination for immunocompromised or at-risk dogs is not a uniform protocol. Each dog is evaluated based on their individual health status, and their vaccination schedule is individualized. With proper planning, a high level of protection can be achieved in these dogs.
Vaccination in Pregnant and Nursing Dogs
Vaccination of pregnant and nursing dogs requires a different approach than standard protocols. An incorrect vaccine administered during this period can affect both the mother and the puppies. The selection of the vaccine type should be evaluated considering the timing of administration, the dog's health status, and environmental risk factors. The goal throughout pregnancy is to maintain the dog's own immunity while ensuring the highest possible antibody transfer to the puppies.
Are Pregnant Dogs Vaccinated?
General rule: Modified live vaccines should not be given to pregnant dogs. This is because vaccines containing live viruses can cross the placental barrier and cause developmental delays, infection, or a risk of miscarriage in puppies.
The following are not recommended during pregnancy:
Modified live combination vaccine (DHPP)
Live Bordetella vaccines
Live parainfluenza combinations
However, inactive (killed) vaccines may be considered for special situations.
In Which Situations Might Vaccination Be Required?
The veterinarian may choose to administer inactivated vaccines during pregnancy under the following conditions:
Areas with high rabies risk
A parvo/distemper outbreak in the environment where the dog will give birth
Living in high-risk environments such as a shelter, farm, or multi-dog home
The dog's vaccination history is completely unclear
Apart from such exceptions, vaccination is not recommended during pregnancy.
The Importance of Pre- Pregnancy Vaccination
The safest approach is to have the necessary vaccinations completed at least one month before the dog becomes pregnant . This will ensure:
The mother develops strong immunity
Passive immunity (antibody transfer through colostrum) increases for puppies
The need for vaccination during pregnancy is eliminated
Vaccination in Nursing Dogs
Lactation is a safer time than pregnancy, and dogs can usually be vaccinated during this time.
Things that can be done during breastfeeding:
Inactivated rabies vaccine
Inactivated leptospirosis vaccine
Inactivated combination vaccine variants
Inactive form of Bordetella
Not recommended:
Modified live vaccines
Intra-nasal (inside the nose) live Bordetella vaccine
Inactivated vaccines administered during breastfeeding do not harm the health of the puppies; however, modified live vaccines may cause infection in the puppies.
Conclusion
Vaccination in pregnant dogs requires great care and is often overlooked; however, it can be safely administered to lactating dogs when the correct vaccine type is selected. The ideal approach is to ensure the bitch is fully vaccinated before she becomes pregnant.
Vaccine Safety, Contraindications, and Scientific Evidence
Modern veterinary vaccines are considered safe based on long-standing scientific studies, field data, and protocols from international veterinary authorities (WSAVA, AVMA, AAHA). The vaccines have been tested on millions of dogs and have an extremely low rate of serious side effects. However, vaccination must be administered correctly and in accordance with scientific protocols.
Safety Basics of Dog Vaccines
Vaccines are produced according to GMP standards.
Each vaccine batch undergoes quality control testing.
The safety profile is evaluated in preclinical and field studies.
International organizations determine security criteria by updating the protocol annually.
This process has proven that vaccines are over 99% safe.
Situations Where Vaccines Are Contraindicated
In some cases, vaccination may be postponed temporarily or permanently :
1. Fever and presence of active infection: Vaccination is not given when the dog is sick; the immune system is already working hard.
2. Serious chronic diseases: Risk assessment should be made in cases such as kidney failure and severe heart failure.
3. Immunosuppressive treatments (chemotherapy, steroids) Live modified vaccines are not applied.
4. History of severe allergy or anaphylaxis The vaccine is administered with a different brand; an antihistamine may be administered beforehand.
5. Pregnancy (especially live vaccines) Modified live vaccines are not administered during pregnancy due to contraindications.
Known Side Effect Rates of Vaccines (Scientific Data)
According to international field studies:
Mild side effects: 1–3%
Medium reaction: 0.1%
Anaphylaxis: 1 in 10,000
Vaccine-associated tumor formation: Extremely rare (less than 1 in 100,000)
These rates reveal that vaccination is much safer in the benefit-risk analysis of the vaccine.
Scientifically Proven Levels of Protection
Parvovirus vaccine provides up to 98% protection when fully administered.
Distemper vaccine creates strong and long-lasting immunity.
Leptospirosis vaccination greatly reduces the incidence of fatal kidney and liver infections.
Rabies vaccination provides nearly 100% protection .
These results are strong scientific evidence demonstrating the vital value of vaccination in dogs.
Social Protection (Herd Immunity)
Vaccination has not only individual but also societal benefits. Regular vaccination:
Prevents epidemics in the stray dog population
Prevents the spread of diseases such as parvo and distemper
Protects human health (rabies)
Reduces mass mortality in shelters
Conclusion
Vaccines are scientifically proven to be safe, provide effective protection, and are essential for a dog's health. Contraindications should only be determined through professional evaluation, and vaccination should always be administered under veterinary supervision.
FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions)
Why is the vaccination schedule so important for dogs?
The vaccination schedule for dogs is a scientific program that prevents deadly viral and bacterial diseases. Pathogens such as distemper, parvovirus, hepatitis, and rabies can survive in the environment for long periods, and if a dog's immunity is insufficient upon exposure to these viruses, disease can develop very quickly. Vaccines prime the dog's immune system, enabling defense mechanisms to be activated before the disease begins. Furthermore, due to zoonotic diseases like rabies, the vaccination schedule is also essential for human health.
When should puppies receive their first vaccination?
Puppies are generally given their first vaccinations between 6 and 8 weeks of age. This is the most suitable time for vaccination because maternal antibodies begin to decline. Vaccines administered earlier may not provide full protection due to the suppressive effect of maternal antibodies. Therefore, 6 to 8 weeks is the ideal starting point.
How many doses of vaccines are administered to puppies?
In puppies, the combination vaccine is usually administered in 3 doses:
dose: 6–8 weeks
dose: 9–12 weeks
Dose: 12–16 weeksVaccines such as leptospirosis and bordetella also have two-dose initial protocols. Regularly administering doses ensures the development of immunity.
What are the annual vaccinations for adult dogs?
Mandatory annual vaccinations for adult dogs:
Combination vaccine (DHPP)
Rabies vaccineDepending on risk status:
Leptospirosis
Bordetella
Lyme: These vaccinations are necessary to maintain annual protection.
Should the dog living at home still be vaccinated?
Yes. Even pet dogs can indirectly contract viruses. People's shoes, clothing, surfaces touched by visitors, and insects flying in from balconies can carry the disease. Parvovirus, in particular, is very easily transmitted into the home and can survive on surfaces for months. Therefore, even pet dogs should receive their basic vaccinations.
Why is my dog lethargic after vaccination?
Post-vaccination weakness is a natural consequence of the active immune system. As the dog's energy is directed toward the immune response, mild drowsiness and listlessness may occur. This usually returns to normal within 12–24 hours. However, if it persists for more than 48 hours, a veterinarian's visit is necessary.
Is it normal for dogs to have a fever after vaccination?
Yes. A mild fever is normal after vaccination. It is a natural part of the immune response. However, if the fever exceeds 40°C, persists for a long time, or if the dog is severely lethargic, a veterinary evaluation is necessary.
How many days does a dog's weakness last after vaccination?
Most dogs recover within 24 hours. In some susceptible individuals, this period may extend up to 48 hours. However, significant weakness and loss of appetite lasting longer than two days is not normal and should be checked.
Why does a dog's appetite decrease after vaccination?
Because vaccines stimulate immunity, a short-term loss of appetite may occur. Temporary loss of appetite is normal, as the dog's digestive system and energy balance are shifting towards immunity during this time. However, loss of appetite lasting longer than 24–48 hours should be evaluated.
Is swelling after vaccination normal in dogs?
A pea-sized swelling or hardness at the injection site is very common and usually disappears within 3–7 days. If the swelling is larger than 2 cm, persists for more than 3 weeks, or is gradually increasing, this is called a "vaccine reaction" and should be investigated.
Can I bathe my dog after vaccination?
Dogs should not be bathed for at least 48 hours after vaccination. A drop in body temperature can negatively impact immune responses and increase susceptibility to infection. Furthermore, a stressful bath after vaccination can prolong recovery time.
Can I take my dog outside after the vaccination?
In the first 24 hours, strenuous exercise, long walks, or crowded environments are not recommended. Walks are allowed except for minor toilet needs. However, it is dangerous to take puppies to parks or high-risk areas before their vaccination schedule is complete.
What happens if vaccination is delayed in dogs?
Delay causes a decrease in immunity. Delay is particularly dangerous in puppies because their immune systems are not fully developed. In adult dogs, delay increases the risk of reinfection. Delaying rabies vaccination can create legal problems. If a delay is detected, the veterinarian will adjust the protocol.
Do vaccines really work in dogs?
Yes. Scientific studies show that distemper and parvovirus vaccines reduce mortality by over 90%. Rabies vaccination provides nearly 100% protection. Leptospirosis and bordetella vaccines are very effective in preventing outbreaks. Vaccination is the most effective way to protect a dog's health.
What are the risks of having an unvaccinated dog?
Unvaccinated dogs are vulnerable to deadly viral diseases. Diseases such as parvo, distemper, rabies, hepatitis, and leptospirosis progress rapidly and are often fatal. Furthermore, dogs without rabies vaccinations can create legal problems and pose a public health risk.
Are pregnant dogs vaccinated?
Pregnant dogs are generally not vaccinated; modified live vaccines, in particular, should be avoided. However, in high-risk situations, your veterinarian may use an inactivated vaccine. The ideal approach is to have your dog fully vaccinated before she becomes pregnant.
Can nursing dogs be vaccinated?
Inactivated vaccines can be safely administered to nursing dogs. Modified live vaccines are not recommended. Proper vaccinations administered during the nursing period not only protect the mother dog's immune system but also strengthen the passive immunity of the puppies.
Are there allergic reactions to vaccinations in dogs?
Yes, but it's extremely rare. Anaphylaxis typically occurs within the first 30 minutes after vaccination. Symptoms such as difficulty breathing, swelling throughout the body, vomiting, or sudden collapse require immediate medical attention. Rapid intervention in a clinical setting can completely control the condition.
Why does a dog sleep a lot after vaccination?
Because the vaccine stimulates the immune system, dogs may experience decreased energy levels and sleep more than usual. This usually resolves within 24 hours.
Is it normal for a dog to have a cough after a vaccination?
With intranasal administration of bordetella vaccines, brief sneezing and coughing may occur. These symptoms resolve within 24–48 hours. However, if a persistent, deep cough or shortness of breath is present, clinical evaluation is necessary.
How much protection does the rabies vaccine provide in dogs?
Rabies vaccination creates very strong immunity and, when fully administered, provides nearly 100% protection. Annual vaccination is a legal requirement in Türkiye.
Can parasite treatments be done together with vaccines?
Internal parasite vaccination can be administered a few days before. It is recommended that external parasite treatments not be administered on the same day as the vaccination, as chemicals absorbed through the skin can slightly strain the immune system.
What are the risks of not vaccinating dogs annually?
The greatest risk is from fatal viral diseases. Additionally, the risk of bordetella outbreaks is significantly increased in social dogs, and the risk of leptospirosis in rural dogs. Delaying rabies vaccination carries legal penalties. Unvaccinated dogs can put other animals and people in their environment at risk.
Keywords
dog vaccination schedule, puppy vaccination schedule, rabies vaccine dog, canine combination vaccine, leptospirosis vaccine
Sources
American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)
World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA)
American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA)
Mersin Vetlife Veterinary Clinic – Open on Map: https://share.google/XPP6L1V6c1EnGP3Oc
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