Ear Mites in Cats – Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

What is Ear Mites in Cats?

Ear mites are tiny parasitic arthropods that most commonly belong to the species Otodectes cynotis. They live on the surface of the external ear canal (otitis externa) and feed on epithelial debris, cerumen (earwax), and tissue fluids. Their feeding and movement trigger a hypersensitivity reaction in many cats, producing intense itching (pruritus), dark coffee-grounds–like debris, redness, swelling, and a secondary overgrowth of bacteria and/or yeast. Untreated infestations can lead to excoriations, aural hematomas from head-shaking, stenosis of the canal, chronic otitis, and, in severe or recurrent cases, partial hearing impairment.

• Life cycle & biology. O. cynotis completes its life cycle on the cat in ~18–28 days. Eggs hatch in 4–6 days to larvae, which molt to protonymph and then deutonymph stages before becoming adults. All stages feed. Mites are surface-dwellers (not burrowing) and prefer the warm, humid microclimate of the ear canal. Off the host, survival is limited (generally hours to a few days in cool, humid environments), so direct contact is the main transmission route.

• Contagiousness. Highly contagious among kittens, stray/shelter cats, and multi-cat households. Transmission between dogs and cats occurs; ferrets can also be affected.

• Risk factors. Young age, outdoor access, crowding, poor sanitation, previous ear disease, and immunosuppression.

• Zoonotic risk. True infestation in humans is rare; transient irritation may occur but ear mites are not considered a significant zoonosis.

• Clinical significance. Ear mites are one of the most common causes of otitis externa in cats worldwide. Even after mites are eliminated, post-mite inflammation and secondary infections may require continued treatment; hence accurate diagnosis and full-course therapy (plus treating in-contact animals and the environment) are essential to prevent relapse.

Types of Ear Mites in Cats

Although Otodectes cynotis accounts for the vast majority of feline ear mite infestations, several other mite species can occasionally affect cats. Understanding these types helps distinguish between primary ear mites and other external parasites that cause similar symptoms.

1. Otodectes cynotis (Common Ear Mite)

   • This is the most prevalent species found in cats and dogs.

   • It resides in the external ear canal, causing intense itching, dark discharge, and head shaking.

   • Transmission occurs through direct contact with infected animals.

   • Life cycle: approximately 21 days from egg to adult.

   • Easily identified under a microscope from ear swab samples.

2. Notoedres cati (Head Mange Mite)

   • Primarily causes notoedric mange, but can migrate toward the ears.

   • Infestation leads to crusting and thickening of the skin around the ears and face.

   • It is species-specific to cats but extremely contagious among them.

3. Demodex cati and Demodex gatoi (Demodectic Mites)

   • Normally present in small numbers on the skin, but overgrowth can mimic ear mite symptoms.

   • Demodex gatoi is contagious and often associated with excessive itching.

   • These mites inhabit hair follicles or the surface of the skin, occasionally extending into the ear region.

4. Sarcoptes scabiei (Scabies Mite – Rare in Cats)

   • Rarely affects cats but can produce lesions resembling ear mite irritation.

   • More common in dogs, yet cross-species transmission is possible with close contact.

Each of these mite species demands a specific diagnostic and therapeutic approach. Veterinarians typically identify the exact type through microscopic examination or skin scrapings, ensuring that the cat receives the most effective treatment plan.

Causes of Ear Mites in Cats

Ear mites in cats are caused primarily by infestation with Otodectes cynotis, a surface-dwelling mite that thrives in the warm, waxy environment of the external ear canal. While these microscopic parasites are common, their presence indicates a breakdown in either hygiene, immunity, or preventive care. Understanding the exact causes and contributing factors is crucial for both treatment and long-term prevention.

1. Direct Transmission Between Animals

The most common cause is direct contact between an infected and a healthy cat. Because the mites are highly contagious, even brief physical interaction—such as mutual grooming or sleeping close together—can transfer mites from one animal to another.

• Multi-cat households, animal shelters, and breeding catteries are high-risk environments.

• Dogs, ferrets, and rabbits can serve as reservoir hosts, facilitating interspecies transmission.

2. Poor Hygiene and Environmental Contamination

Ear mites can survive up to 2–4 days in the environment away from a host, especially in warm and humid conditions. Bedding, blankets, grooming tools, or carriers used by infected cats can harbor mites, allowing re-infestation.

• Failure to clean or replace contaminated bedding or ear-cleaning tools leads to chronic reinfection.

• Inadequate ear cleaning routines and infrequent veterinary checks increase vulnerability.

3. Weak Immune System

Cats with weakened immunity, such as kittens, malnourished individuals, or those with chronic illnesses (e.g., FIV, FeLV), are more prone to ear mite infestations. Their reduced natural defenses allow mites to reproduce rapidly, leading to severe inflammation and secondary infections.

4. Outdoor Exposure

Outdoor and stray cats have a significantly higher risk of exposure due to uncontrolled interactions with infected animals. Rural or semi-feral populations often serve as reservoirs, maintaining mite cycles in a given area.

5. Lack of Preventive Parasiticide Use

Cats not on regular flea/tick/mite prevention programs (such as monthly topical isoxazolines, selamectin, or moxidectin) remain susceptible. These medications not only protect against fleas and ticks but also kill ear mites before infestations can take hold.

6. Secondary Causes and Predisposing Conditions

• Excessive earwax buildup provides an ideal environment for mites.

• Previous or ongoing bacterial/yeast infections can create an inflammatory habitat that attracts mites.

• Overuse of unverified “home remedies” may damage the ear canal’s natural defense barrier, making future infestations easier.

In summary: Ear mite infestation is usually a result of direct contagion, poor environmental control, and inadequate preventive care. Even well-cared-for indoor cats can become infected if prevention lapses or they come into contact with newly adopted or untreated animals.

Ear Mites in Cats – Susceptible Breeds

While Otodectes cynotis can affect any cat, certain breeds show higher susceptibility due to ear structure, grooming habits, or coat type. The following table outlines these predispositions and risk levels:

Breed	Risk Explanation	Risk Level
Persian	Long fur and narrow ear canals trap wax and debris, creating an ideal mite habitat. Grooming difficulties increase risk.	High
Scottish Fold	Folded ears restrict airflow and trap moisture, making conditions favorable for mites and secondary infections.	High
Maine Coon	Large ear tufts accumulate wax; frequent outdoor activity raises exposure risk.	Medium–High
Siamese	Thin skin and strong wax production increase irritation and mite adherence in infestations.	Medium
British Shorthair	Dense coat and reduced self-grooming frequency in some individuals can lead to unnoticed infestations.	Medium
Sphynx (Hairless)	Although hairless, excessive oil production and skin folds can harbor mites around the ears.	Medium
Domestic Shorthaired Cats (Mixed Breeds)	High population exposure in shelters and multi-cat homes makes them statistically the most commonly affected group.	High

Symptoms of Ear Mites in Cats

Ear mites in cats cause a range of visible, behavioral, and microscopic changes. The irritation results from both the mites’ physical activity (movement, feeding) and the allergic response they provoke in the ear canal tissue. Early recognition of these signs is vital because untreated infestations can escalate into chronic otitis, aural hematomas, or hearing loss.

1. Behavioral Symptoms

• Intense Scratching and Head Shaking: Cats will frequently paw at or scratch their ears, neck, and head, often to the point of self-trauma.

• Head Tilting: Repeated shaking can lead to a persistent tilt, mimicking neurological conditions.

• Restlessness or Irritability: Continuous itching causes sleep disturbance and agitation, especially at night.

• Rubbing Against Objects: Cats may rub their heads on furniture, walls, or the floor in an attempt to relieve discomfort.

2. Physical Symptoms (Visible to the Eye)

• Dark, Crumbly Ear Discharge: The hallmark sign — resembles coffee grounds — caused by dried blood, wax, and mite debris.

• Redness and Inflammation (Otitis Externa): The inner ear canal appears irritated, with possible swelling or crusting.

• Ear Odor: A strong, musty, or metallic odor may be present due to secondary bacterial or yeast overgrowth.

• Scabs or Hair Loss Around the Ears and Neck: Caused by scratching or secondary bacterial infection.

• Ear Tip Hematomas: Repeated head shaking can rupture small blood vessels, leading to swelling filled with blood between ear cartilage layers.

3. Secondary and Advanced Signs

If untreated, the infestation progresses to deeper complications:

• Thickened Ear Canal Walls (Chronic Otitis): Tissue reacts to constant inflammation and scratching.

• Balance Problems or Loss of Coordination: When inflammation extends to the inner ear (otitis media/interna).

• Hearing Loss: Recurrent inflammation and wax buildup can reduce sound conduction.

• Behavioral Withdrawal: Chronic pain may make cats less social or more aggressive.

Clinical Note:

Kittens, stray cats, and those in multi-cat households typically show more intense symptoms due to higher exposure and weaker immunity. In some asymptomatic adults, mites may persist at low numbers, silently spreading to others — making regular ear checks and preventive treatment critical.

Diagnosis of Ear Mites in Cats

Accurate diagnosis ensures targeted treatment and prevents overuse of antibiotics or ineffective ear drops. Because several other ear diseases can mimic ear mite symptoms, a veterinary examination is essential.

1. Clinical Examination

The veterinarian begins with a visual inspection of the outer ear and canal using an otoscope. The inner ear typically shows:

• Brownish or black granular debris (“coffee grounds”).

• Signs of irritation or excoriation.

• Sometimes, mites are visible as white moving dots on the canal surface.

2. Microscopic Evaluation (Ear Swab Test)

• A cotton-tipped swab is inserted gently into the ear canal to collect debris.

• The sample is placed on a glass slide with mineral oil and examined under a microscope.

• Ear mites are identified by their characteristic oval body shape, long legs, and rapid movement.

• All life stages — eggs, larvae, nymphs, adults — may be present.

3. Cytological Analysis

If secondary infection is suspected, the veterinarian may perform a cytology (staining and microscopic analysis) to detect:

• Bacteria (cocci, rods) indicating otitis externa.

• Yeast (Malassezia pachydermatis) proliferation.

• Inflammatory cell types (neutrophils, macrophages).This step helps guide whether antibiotic or antifungal medications are needed in addition to mite treatment.

4. Video-Otoscopy and Deep Cleaning

In severe or chronic cases, video-otoscopy can be used to magnify and document mite presence, remove compacted debris, and assess eardrum integrity. This ensures safe administration of topical or systemic medications without risking rupture of the tympanic membrane.

5. Differential Diagnoses

Several ear diseases can mimic mite infestation and must be ruled out:

• Yeast or bacterial otitis externa without mites.

• Foreign bodies (plant seeds, hair).

• Allergic dermatitis or food allergy causing ear inflammation.

• Polyp or neoplasm in the ear canal.

• Autoimmune conditions (rare).

6. Diagnostic Conclusion

A confirmed diagnosis of ear mites is based on microscopic visualization of the parasite or its eggs. Because mites spread easily, all in-contact animals should be examined and treated simultaneously, even if they appear asymptomatic.

Treatment for Ear Mites in Cats

Treatment of ear mites in cats focuses on three main goals: eliminating the mites, soothing inflammation, and preventing reinfestation. Because these parasites reproduce rapidly, a thorough and multi-step approach is necessary to ensure complete eradication.

The treatment process typically includes the following steps:

1. Ear Cleaning:The first and most important step is to remove wax, debris, and mite residue. Veterinarians usually recommend using a gentle ear-cleaning solution specifically formulated for cats. Cleaning reduces the number of mites and allows medications to penetrate effectively. Owners should avoid using alcohol or hydrogen peroxide, as these can irritate the delicate ear tissue.

2. Topical Medications:Prescription ear drops or topical treatments are applied directly into the ear canal. These products usually contain active ingredients like selamectin, moxidectin, ivermectin, or imidacloprid, which target both adult mites and larvae. Treatments such as Revolution®, Advocate®, and Frontline Combo® are commonly used and often also protect against fleas and other parasites.

3. Systemic Medications:In severe or widespread infestations, the vet may prescribe oral or injectable medications that circulate through the bloodstream to kill mites systemically. Ivermectin injections (under veterinary supervision) or oral milbemycin can be effective, though they must be used with caution due to species and dosage sensitivity.

4. Treatment of Secondary Infections:Chronic scratching and inflammation can lead to bacterial or yeast infections. In such cases, antibiotic or antifungal ear drops are used alongside mite treatment. Anti-inflammatory medications like corticosteroids may also be prescribed to reduce swelling and discomfort.

5. Environmental Decontamination:Bedding, toys, brushes, and other items that come into contact with the cat should be washed or replaced. Mites can survive for several days outside the host, so disinfection of the environment is essential to prevent reinfestation.

6. Treatment of All Pets in the Household:Because ear mites spread easily between animals, all pets — even those without visible symptoms — should receive preventive or full treatment at the same time. This prevents a “ping-pong” cycle of reinfection.

Typically, visible improvement occurs within a few days of starting treatment, but full resolution may take 2–4 weeks. Regular follow-up examinations help ensure that all mites, including eggs and larvae, have been completely eliminated.

Complications and Prognosis of Ear Mite Infection

If left untreated, ear mite infestations can lead to several serious complications. These result mainly from chronic inflammation, secondary infections, and self-inflicted trauma due to excessive scratching.

Common Complications:

• Secondary Otitis Externa (Ear Infection):The persistent irritation and inflammation create an environment conducive to bacterial or fungal growth. This can cause severe pain, foul odor, and pus formation.

• Aural Hematoma:Continuous head shaking and scratching can rupture blood vessels within the ear flap, leading to hematoma formation. This condition often requires surgical intervention.

• Chronic Ear Canal Thickening:Long-standing inflammation can cause fibrosis and narrowing of the ear canal, resulting in permanent hearing impairment or recurrent infections.

• Spread of Mites Beyond the Ear:In severe infestations, mites may migrate to other areas like the neck, face, or tail, leading to widespread dermatitis and intense pruritus (itching).

• Cross-Infestation to Other Pets:Ear mites can spread to dogs, ferrets, or even temporary human irritation in sensitive individuals, emphasizing the need for household-wide management.

Prognosis:

With prompt and proper treatment, the prognosis for cats with ear mites is excellent. Most recover fully without lasting damage. However, if complications like chronic otitis or hematoma have already developed, recovery may take longer and require additional medical or surgical treatment.

Regular preventive care — such as monthly antiparasitic treatments and ear cleaning — drastically reduces the likelihood of reinfection. Cats treated early generally regain full comfort and hearing within a few weeks.

Home Care and Prevention

After veterinary treatment, consistent home care plays a crucial role in ensuring that ear mites are fully eradicated and do not return. Because these parasites can easily re-infest a cat’s ears or spread to other animals, prevention must be ongoing and systematic.

1. Regular Ear Cleaning

Keeping the cat’s ears clean prevents wax and debris buildup that might attract mites. Use only veterinarian-approved ear cleaning solutions. Gently wipe the ear canal entrance with a soft cotton pad—never insert cotton swabs deep into the ear, as this can damage the eardrum.

2. Continue Treatment as Directed

Owners must complete the entire course of prescribed medication, even if symptoms improve early. Discontinuing treatment too soon allows surviving mites or eggs to restart the infestation cycle. Follow-up veterinary checks are often scheduled two to three weeks after therapy begins.

3. Clean the Environment Thoroughly

Ear mites can survive off the host for several days, especially in bedding, blankets, or carpets. All items that came into contact with the infected cat should be washed in hot water or replaced. Vacuum and disinfect living areas weekly during and after treatment.

4. Treat All Pets in the Household

Even asymptomatic animals may carry mites. Applying preventive antiparasitic treatments (such as monthly spot-on medications containing selamectin or moxidectin) to all pets is the only way to break the transmission chain.

5. Regular Grooming and Health Checks

Routine grooming allows for early detection of debris or irritation in the ears. Regular veterinary visits—at least once every six months—help catch ear problems before they become severe.

6. Limit Outdoor Exposure

Cats that roam freely are at greater risk of encountering infected animals. Keeping cats indoors or supervised outdoors significantly lowers the chance of reinfection.

7. Strengthen Immune Health

A balanced diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids and quality protein helps maintain a healthy immune system and skin barrier, reducing susceptibility to parasites.

With diligent home care and preventive measures, most cats remain ear-mite-free for life after successful treatment.

Owner Responsibilities During Recovery

Owner involvement during and after treatment is vital for full recovery. Neglecting even small details can lead to relapse or chronic ear disease. Responsible cat owners should pay close attention to the following areas:

1. Monitor Daily for Improvement

Observe the cat’s behavior and ears each day. Decreasing head shaking, reduced scratching, and cleaner ears are signs of recovery. If redness, odor, or discharge persists after two weeks, a follow-up examination is necessary.

2. Administer Medication Correctly

Follow dosage instructions precisely. Most ear drops require gentle ear massage after application to distribute the medication evenly. Missing doses or inconsistent use reduces effectiveness and prolongs infection.

3. Prevent Secondary Infections

Cats with ear wounds from scratching need gentle wound care and sometimes protective collars to prevent further injury. Report any swelling or pus to the veterinarian immediately.

4. Keep the Environment Parasite-Free

Regularly wash bedding, toys, and fabrics that the cat uses. Continue environmental cleaning for at least three weeks after the final treatment dose to eliminate any remaining eggs.

5. Minimize Stress

Stress can suppress the immune system and delay healing. Provide a calm, comfortable environment with stable routines, adequate hydration, and a nutritious diet.

6. Follow-Up Veterinary Visits

Schedule re-examinations to confirm that the mites have been completely eliminated. The veterinarian may repeat microscopic checks or ear swabs before discontinuing treatment.

7. Maintain Preventive Protocols

Continue using monthly antiparasitic products recommended by the vet. Preventive ear cleaning and parasite control should become a permanent part of the cat’s care routine.

Cats that receive attentive aftercare usually recover fully, regaining comfort and normal behavior within a few weeks. Consistency and vigilance from the owner are the keys to preventing relapse.

Differences Between Cats and Dogs

Although ear mites affect both cats and dogs, their presentation, frequency, and management vary significantly between the two species. Understanding these differences helps ensure accurate diagnosis and effective treatment in multi-pet households.

Aspect	Cats	Dogs
Prevalence	Extremely common, especially in kittens and outdoor cats. Otodectes cynotis accounts for up to 50–80% of feline ear infections.	Less common; responsible for only 5–10% of canine ear infections.
Typical Behavior	Cats often shake their heads vigorously, scratch their ears, and show dark, crumbly ear wax resembling coffee grounds.	Dogs show more general ear inflammation and odor; discharge is often waxy and yellowish rather than dark.
Transmission	Very contagious between cats; can occasionally spread to dogs and ferrets.	Can be transmitted from cats but less likely to spread among dogs alone.
Anatomical Factors	Cats’ narrow, L-shaped ear canals and waxy environments provide an ideal habitat for mites.	Dogs’ longer ear canals make infestation less frequent, but floppy-eared breeds (e.g., Cocker Spaniels) remain at moderate risk.
Secondary Complications	Cats tend to develop hematomas or dermatitis due to intense scratching.	Dogs more often develop bacterial or yeast otitis after mite irritation.
Response to Treatment	Generally excellent with topical spot-on medications. Quick improvement within a few days.	Similar treatments are used, but severe secondary infections may require longer therapy.
Preventive Measures	Regular cleaning, routine antiparasitic applications, and limited outdoor exposure.	Ear hygiene and broad-spectrum parasite control for households with both species.

In short, ear mites are a feline-dominant condition, and cats often serve as the primary reservoir. For this reason, when both cats and dogs live in the same home, treating all pets simultaneously and maintaining shared hygiene protocols is crucial to eliminate the infestation completely.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) about Ear Mites in Cats

What are ear mites in cats?

Ear mites are microscopic parasites that live in a cat’s ear canal, feeding on oils, wax, and skin debris. The most common species, Otodectes cynotis, causes inflammation, itching, and a dark, coffee-ground-like discharge inside the ear.

Are ear mites in cats contagious?

Yes, ear mites are highly contagious. They spread through direct contact between animals or indirectly via bedding, grooming tools, or shared environments. Multi-pet households should always treat all pets simultaneously.

Can humans catch ear mites from cats?

While ear mites rarely infest humans, they can occasionally cause mild temporary itching or irritation. However, they cannot establish long-term infestations in humans because the parasites require an animal host.

What are the first signs of ear mites in cats?

Early symptoms include frequent ear scratching, head shaking, redness inside the ear, and a dark, crumbly discharge. As the condition progresses, cats may develop sores or secondary infections from excessive scratching.

How do cats get ear mites?

Cats usually get ear mites from contact with infected cats, dogs, or ferrets. Kittens often acquire them from their mothers. Outdoor exposure and shared sleeping areas also increase infection risk.

Can indoor cats get ear mites?

Yes, indoor cats can still get ear mites if exposed to infected animals or contaminated objects such as brushes, bedding, or pet carriers. Prevention and regular ear checks remain essential even for indoor-only cats.

How are ear mites diagnosed by veterinarians?

A vet diagnoses ear mites through otoscopic examination and microscopic analysis of ear debris. The mites, eggs, or fecal particles can often be seen under the microscope using an ear swab sample.

What do ear mites look like to the naked eye?

They appear as tiny white dots about the size of a pinhead, often moving against the dark background of ear wax. However, they are difficult to see without magnification, so diagnosis should always be confirmed by a vet.

How are ear mites treated in cats?

Treatment typically involves cleaning the ears and applying topical medications containing selamectin, moxidectin, or ivermectin. Severe infestations may require systemic medication and treatment for secondary infections.

Can I use home remedies for ear mites in cats?

Home remedies such as oils or vinegar are not recommended because they can irritate the ear canal or delay proper treatment. Veterinary-prescribed medications are safe, effective, and prevent complications.

How long does it take to get rid of ear mites in cats?

With appropriate treatment, most infestations resolve within 2–4 weeks. Improvement is often noticeable after a few days, but full recovery requires completing the entire course of medication to eliminate eggs and larvae.

Do ear mites cause permanent hearing loss in cats?

In mild cases, hearing is unaffected. However, untreated or chronic infestations can cause thickening of ear tissue, ruptured eardrums, or secondary infections leading to partial or permanent hearing loss.

How can I clean my cat’s ears safely?

Use a vet-approved ear-cleaning solution and soft cotton pads. Gently wipe the outer ear and avoid inserting cotton swabs into the ear canal, as this can damage the eardrum. Always follow your veterinarian’s instructions.

Can ear mites cause my cat’s ear to bleed?

Yes, excessive scratching and shaking can rupture small blood vessels or cause sores, leading to minor bleeding or hematoma formation in the ear flap. If you notice bleeding, seek veterinary care immediately.

Can other household pets get ear mites from my cat?

Yes, dogs, ferrets, and other cats can easily catch ear mites through contact. All pets in the household should be treated or given preventive medication at the same time to prevent reinfestation.

Are ear mites the same as yeast infections in cats?

No. Yeast infections are caused by fungi (Malassezia spp.), while ear mites are parasites. Both cause itching and discharge, but only microscopic examination can distinguish between them.

What is the difference between ear mites and fleas?

Fleas live on the skin and feed on blood, while ear mites inhabit the ear canal and feed on skin debris. Both cause itching, but their locations and treatments differ.

Do ear mites smell bad?

Yes, infestations can produce a foul, musty odor due to wax buildup, debris, and secondary bacterial or yeast infections. Persistent smell indicates that additional treatment may be needed.

Can ear mites kill a cat?

Ear mites themselves rarely cause death, but untreated infestations can lead to severe infections, pain, anemia (in kittens), or dangerous complications such as inner ear infections that affect balance and appetite.

How can I prevent my cat from getting ear mites again?

Maintain monthly parasite prevention, clean ears regularly, and wash bedding weekly. Keep your cat indoors or supervise outdoor activities to limit contact with stray or infected animals.

What happens if ear mites are left untreated?

Untreated ear mites can lead to chronic otitis externa, hematomas, thickened ear canals, and partial hearing loss. Long-term discomfort may also cause behavioral changes such as aggression or anxiety.

Do kittens get ear mites more often than adult cats?

Yes, kittens are especially vulnerable because their immune systems are not fully developed and they frequently contract mites from their mothers during nursing or grooming.

Can ear mites come back after treatment?

Yes, reinfestation can occur if all pets in the home are not treated simultaneously or if the environment is not disinfected. Regular preventive spot-on treatments help avoid recurrence.

Should I treat my cat’s ears if only one ear seems infected?

Yes, both ears should always be treated. Mites can move easily between ears, and treating only one ear allows the infestation to persist or return quickly.

How often should I check my cat’s ears for mites?

Inspect your cat’s ears weekly for signs of dirt, odor, or redness. Regular checks help catch problems early, especially in breeds like Persians or Scottish Folds that are prone to ear issues.

Sources

• American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)

• Cornell Feline Health Center – College of Veterinary Medicine

• Merck Veterinary Manual

• The International Cat Care (ICC) Foundation

• Mersin Vetlife Veterinary Clinic – Haritada Aç: https://share.google/XPP6L1V6c1EnGP3Oc