Eye Diseases in Dogs: Cataracts, Glaucoma, and Dry Eye – Symptoms, Causes, Treatments, and Costs
- VetSağlıkUzmanı
- 5 days ago
- 21 min read
What are Eye Diseases in Dogs? (Cataracts, Glaucoma, Dry Eye)
Eye diseases in dogs , particularly cataracts, glaucoma, and dry eyes (keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS)), are rapidly progressive problems that can seriously impact vision. What these three diseases have in common is that they are often silent in the early stages but can cause irreversible damage over time. Eye tissue is extremely delicate; even minor changes in the cornea, lens, retina, and intraocular pressure balance can affect the eye. Therefore, early diagnosis and prompt treatment are crucial to prevent permanent vision loss.
Cataracts occur as a result of clouding of the lens, which provides the eye's focusing power, and have a progressive course. Glaucoma, on the other hand, is characterized by increased intraocular pressure, leading to irreversible damage to the retina and optic nerve. Dry eye disease, on the other hand, occurs when the tear glands fail to produce sufficient tears, leading to drying, irritation, and ulceration of the cornea. Although these three diseases develop through different mechanisms, a common risk factor for all of them is delayed intervention.
Eye diseases in dogs often increase with age, but they can also develop in young animals due to genetic predisposition or trauma. Symptoms may begin with mild watering or redness but can progress rapidly, leading to pain, light sensitivity, decreased vision, and even blindness. The vast majority of eye diseases can be successfully managed when detected early. Delayed treatment complicates treatment and significantly worsens the prognosis.
Types of Eye Diseases in Dogs (Cataracts – Glaucoma – Dry Eye)
The three most common eye diseases in dogs are cataracts, glaucoma, and dry eye, each of which develops through a unique pathophysiological process. Accurately understanding the types of these diseases directly impacts treatment success, as each disease requires different clinical signs, progression rates, and treatment approaches. These three eye diseases are described in detail below.
1. Types of Cataracts
Cataract is the loss of transparency and clouding of the eye lens. Types:
Congenital Cataract: Occurs at birth. Genetic predisposition is high.
Developmental Cataracts: Usually develop in young dogs due to trauma, infection or metabolic disease.
Senile Cataract: Occurs with aging. It is the most common type.
Diabetic Cataract: It progresses very quickly as a result of water filling in the lens due to diabetes.
Determining the type of cataract affects the need for surgery and prognosis.
2. Types of Glaucoma
Glaucoma is a disease characterized by increased intraocular pressure. Types:
Primary Glaucoma: Depends on genetic predisposition. Its frequency is higher in some races.
Secondary Glaucoma: Occurs due to cataracts, uveitis, trauma, lens dislocation or tumors.
Open Angle Glaucoma: Pressure rises gradually, symptoms may be insidious.
Angle-Closed Glaucoma: Intraocular pressure rises very rapidly and is an emergency.
If glaucoma treatment is not promptly initiated, permanent blindness may occur within hours.
3. Types of Dry Eye (Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca – KCS)
Dry eye disease occurs when the tear glands fail to produce enough tears. Types:
Immune-Mediated KCS: This occurs when the immune system attacks the tear glands. It is the most common type.
Neurogenic KCS: It occurs due to the malfunction of the nerves that stimulate the tear glands.
Drug-Induced KCS: Some medications can reduce tear production.
Metabolic KCS: It develops due to hormonal disorders such as hypothyroidism.
Dry eye may only cause redness in the early stages, but as it progresses it can cause ulcers, pain and vision loss.
Causes and Formation Mechanisms of Eye Diseases in Dogs
Genetic, environmental, and metabolic factors contribute to the development of significant eye conditions in dogs, such as cataracts, glaucoma, and dry eye. While the mechanisms of these diseases vary, a common theme is the disruption of the functional integrity of the delicate tissues within the eye. Anatomically, the eye tissue functions within three fundamental structures: the anterior segment (the region containing the cornea, lens, and iris), the intraocular fluid circulation system, and the retina-optic nerve axis. Disturbances in any of these systems can lead to progressive and permanent problems.
1. Cataract Formation Mechanism
A cataract is the loss of transparency of the lens due to the deterioration of the structural integrity of lens proteins. The lens allows light to focus properly on the retina. Formation mechanisms:
Protein denaturation: Due to aging, metabolic disorders or diabetes, proteins within the lens deteriorate and block the passage of light.
Osmotic imbalance: Especially in diabetic dogs, glucose is converted to sorbitol, which passes into the lens, drawing water into the lens and causing rapid cataract development.
Genetic mutations: In some races, structural weakness of the lens capsule can trigger cataracts at an early age.
Trauma: Impact can cause a tear in the lens capsule and rapidly progressing cataracts.
2. Glaucoma Formation Mechanism
Glaucoma occurs when the balance between the production and drainage of aqueous humor within the eye increases, resulting in increased pressure. This increased pressure compresses the retina and optic nerve cells, leading to permanent blindness.
Main mechanisms:
Angle closure: Closure of the angle that drains the intraocular fluid due to genetics or infection.
Lens dislocation: If the lens is displaced forward, fluid outflow pathways may be blocked.
Inflammation (uveitis): Inflammation in the intraocular tissues causes cell accumulation in the drainage channels, causing blockage.
Tumor: Rarely, intraocular tumors can obstruct fluid flow.
Glaucoma is one of the most aggressive eye diseases and can cause irreversible damage to the optic nerve within hours if not treated early.
3. Dry Eye (DEY) Formation Mechanism
Dry eyes occur when the tear glands fail to produce enough tears. Tears are the essential fluid that nourishes the cornea, cleans germs, and moisturizes the eye.
Causes of formation:
Immune-mediated damage: The immune system targets the tear glands, rendering them dysfunctional over time.
Nerve damage: Disorders of the facial nerve (n. facialis) reduce tear production.
Hormonal disorders: Hypothyroidism or hormonal imbalances affect tear secretion.
Medications: Antihistamines, some antibiotics, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can suppress tear production.
Infections: Some systemic diseases, such as distemper, can cause permanent damage to the tear glands.
The lack of tears causes the cornea to dry out, crack, and ulcerate. This can progress rapidly, causing severe pain and sensitivity to light.
Dog Breeds Prone to Cataracts, Glaucoma, and Dry Eyes
(Table: Race | Description | Risk Level)
The table below includes only breeds for which actual predisposition has been reported in the scientific literature. The level of risk has been assessed based on clinical observations and genetic predispositions.
Race | Explanation | Risk Level |
Cocker Spaniel | Genetic cases of cataracts and dry eyes are common; immune-mediated KCS is common. | A lot |
Due to the protruding structure of the eye sockets, they are prone to dry eyes and corneal problems. | A lot | |
Due to the flat facial structure, glaucoma and corneal ulcers are common. | A lot | |
Boston Terrier | Genetic predisposition to glaucoma and lens dislocation. | A lot |
Siberian Husky | Genetic cataracts can occur especially at a young age. | Middle |
A predisposition to dry eyes and tear duct problems is common. | Middle | |
Yorkshire Terrier | Hereditary cataracts can appear even at a young age. | Middle |
There is a tendency to cataracts and retinal disorders. | Middle | |
Lhasa Apso | There is a tendency to dry eyes and chronic keratitis. | Middle |
Beagle | The development of uveitis and secondary glaucoma is more common. | Middle |
This table is based on predispositions reported in the veterinary ophthalmology literature, and only breeds truly at risk are listed.
Cataract, Glaucoma, and Dry Eye Treatment Costs in Dogs
The cost of treating eye diseases in dogs can vary significantly depending on the type of disease, degree of progression, treatment protocol, surgical requirements, medications used, and the clinic's equipment level. Because cataracts, glaucoma, and dry eye diseases develop through completely different mechanisms, cost calculations must be evaluated separately. Cataract surgery and glaucoma treatment, in particular, require advanced technology, leading to higher costs.
The prices below are average clinical costs and show typical price ranges by country.
1. Examination and Ophthalmological Evaluation Costs
Comprehensive eye examination includes ophthalmoscopy, tonometry (intraocular pressure measurement), and fluorescein staining testing.
Turkey: 600 – 1,800 TL
USA: 60 – 150 USD
Europe: 50 – 120 EUR
2. Diagnostic Tests
For eye diseases, further tests are often required for a clear diagnosis.
Tonometry:
TR: 400 – 1,200 TL
USA: 40 – 80 USD
Europe: 35 – 70 EUR
Ultrasound (intraocular evaluation):
TR: 1,200 – 4,000 TL
USA: 120 – 300 USD
Europe: 100 – 250 EUR
Electrical Retinal Test (ERG) – Mandatory before cataract:
TR: 3,000 – 10,000 TL
USA: 200 – 500 USD
Europe: 180 – 450 EUR
3. Cataract Surgery (Phacoemulsification)
Phacoemulsification is the removal of the lens by fragmenting it using ultrasound. This surgery requires high technology.
Turkey: 15,000 – 35,000 TL
USA: 1,800 – 4,500 USD
Europe: 1,500 – 4,000 EUR
4. Glaucoma Treatment
Glaucoma is an urgent and aggressive disease. Treatment is a combination of medication and surgery.
Medication (monthly):
TR: 800 – 2,500 TL
USA: 40 – 120 USD
Europe: 35 – 100 EUR
Surgery (laser or drainage implant):
TR: 10,000 – 25,000 TL
USA: 1,000 – 2,500 USD
Europe: 900 – 2,000 EUR
5. Dry Eye (DEY) Treatment
KCS may require lifelong treatment.
Immunomodulator drugs (Cyclosporin, Tacrolimus):
TR: 400 – 1,200 TL / month
USA: 25 – 70 USD / month
Europe: 20 – 60 EUR / month
Artificial tear drops:
TR: 150 – 500 TL / month
USA: 10 – 30 USD
Europe: 8 – 25 EUR
6. Total General Treatment Expenses
Turkey: 3,000 – 45,000 TL
USA: 150 – 6,000 USD
Europe: 120 – 5,000 EUR
This cost range varies depending on the specific treatment plan. Cataract surgery is the most expensive treatment; dry eye is managed at lower lifetime costs. Glaucoma costs can reach moderate to high levels, with the cost of examinations, medications, and surgery.
Symptoms of Eye Diseases in Dogs
Diseases such as cataracts, glaucoma, and dry eye in dogs often begin with mild symptoms at an early stage, but can quickly progress and become vision-threatening. Because the eye is an anatomically sensitive and exposed organ, even minor changes should be taken into account. The common and specific symptoms of these three major eye diseases are detailed below.
1. Cataract Symptoms
Cataracts often initially present only as a slight clouding of the vision.
Gray, white, or blue-toned dullness in the pupil
Decreased light reflection
Start bumping into things
Hesitation when descending stairs
Slow but steady progression of vision loss
Decreased desire to play games
As cataracts progress, the lens becomes completely opaque and can cause complete blindness.
2. Glaucoma Symptoms
Glaucoma is a disease that occurs when intraocular pressure rises and can cause irreversible damage within hours .
Severe eye pain (dog tries to rub eye with paws)
Significant redness in the eye
Enlargement of the eye or its appearance of protrusion
Hypersensitivity to light
The pupil of the eye dilates and remains fixed
Blurry and blue-gray corneal appearance
Sudden vision loss
The most classic symptom of glaucoma urgency is the dog's refusal to allow its eye to be touched and its restless behavior.
3. Dry Eye (DEY) Symptoms
Although dry eyes may initially appear as a simple redness, over time they can cause serious damage to the cornea.
Intense crusting in the eye
Sticky and thick eye discharge
Increased blink reflex
Eyelids sticking together
Dull and dry corneal appearance
Light sensitivity
Corneal ulcers and vascularization in the long term
If left untreated, KCS can leave permanent lesions on the cornea.
4. Common Symptoms
General symptoms that can be seen in all three eye diseases:
Redness
Watering or excessive dryness
Don't rub your head against the walls
Don't squint
Decreased visual distance
Disorientation in the dark
Behavioral changes (anxiety, restlessness, withdrawal)
If any of these symptoms are noticed, a veterinary evaluation should be made without delay.
Diagnosis of Eye Diseases in Dogs (Cataracts – Glaucoma – Dry Eye)
Diagnosis of eye diseases in dogs is made through a comprehensive ophthalmologic examination and functional assessment of intraocular tissues. Because cataracts, glaucoma, and dry eye involve distinct pathophysiological processes, the diagnostic steps are varied. Accurate diagnosis plays a critical role both in guiding treatment and determining the severity of the disease. The diagnostic methods used for each disease are detailed below.
1. Physical Examination and Ophthalmological Evaluation
It is the first and most important step of diagnosis. Veterinarian:
Evaluates the cornea, conjunctiva and lens with light,
Controls light reflexes,
Examines pupillary reactions,
It evaluates whether there is dullness, redness, opacity and edema in the eye.
This assessment provides guidance for determining which further tests are necessary.
2. Cataract Diagnosis
Cataracts are characterized by clouding of the lens and are usually easy to diagnose.
Tests used:
Biomicroscopy: All layers of the lens are examined; the stage of the cataract is determined.
Ophthalmoscopy: The retinal image behind the lens is evaluated.
Ultrasound: If the structures behind the lens cannot be seen, retinal detachment or lens luxation is checked.
ERG (Electroretinography): It is the basic test to evaluate retinal function before cataract surgery. Cataract surgery is not recommended without this test.
3. Glaucoma Diagnosis
Glaucoma is an urgent disease and diagnosis must be made quickly.
Basic tests:
Tonometry: Measures intraocular pressure. Normal dog IOP: 10–25 mmHg. Above 30 mmHg → glaucoma suspicion. Above 40 mmHg → emergency, rapid intervention is required.
Gonioscopy: It is a test that evaluates the drainage angle. It is necessarily applied to breeds at risk of primary glaucoma.
Ophthalmoscopy: This is done to examine whether there is cupping in the optic nerve.
4. Diagnosis of Dry Eye (Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca – KCS)
Diagnosis of dry eye is usually easy and involves basic tests combined with clinical findings.
Schirmer Tear Test: It is the most critical test that measures tear production. Normal > 15 mm/min 10–15 mm/min → borderline < 10 mm/min → dry eye diagnosis < 5 mm/min → severe dry eye
Fluorescein Staining: The cornea is checked for ulcers, cracks or scratches.
Tear Film Break-Up Time (BUT): Measures the stability of the tear film.
5. Additional Diagnostic Methods
Blood tests: To look for underlying causes such as uveitis, diabetes, hypothyroidism.
Intraocular pressure monitoring: Regular measurement is required in glaucoma patients.
Advanced imaging (CT/MRI): Used if trauma, tumor, or nerve damage is suspected.
Treatment Methods for Eye Diseases in Dogs
Treatments for cataracts, glaucoma, and dry eye in dogs differ significantly. The treatment plan is determined by the type of disease, its degree of progression, the underlying cause, the dog's age, and overall health. Early treatment for eye diseases is the most effective way to prevent vision loss. Below is a comprehensive list of all treatment options for these three main conditions.
1. Cataract Treatment
The only definitive treatment for cataracts is surgery.
a. Phacoemulsification Surgery
Ultrasound to fragment and remove the lens
New artificial lens (IOL) implantation
It is the most effective and permanent treatment today.
The success rate varies between 85–95%
b. Pre-Surgery Preparation
Evaluation of retinal function with ERG test
Blood tests
If there is inflammation in the eye, it should be taken under control first.
c. Post-surgical Management
Antibiotic drops
Anti-inflammatory drugs
Protective collar
Control examinations
If surgery is not performed, cataracts can progress and cause lens luxation, uveitis, and glaucoma.
2. Glaucoma Treatment
Glaucoma is one of the most urgent eye diseases. The pressure must be reduced quickly.
a. Drug Therapy
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (e.g., Dorzolamide)
Prostaglandin analogs (e.g., Latanoprost)
Beta blockers
Osmotic diuretics (in emergency situations)
b. Surgical Treatment
Laser cyclophotocoagulation: Controlled reduction of the tissues that produce intraocular fluid
Drainage implants (valve systems): Regular pressure relief
Lens surgery: May be necessary if there is lens luxation
c. Management of Glaucoma
Regular tonometry
If there is permanent vision loss, pain management is at the forefront.
In advanced cases, complete removal of the eye (enucleation) ends the pain.
3. Dry Eye (Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca – KCS) Treatment
Dry eye often requires lifelong medication.
a. Immune Modulators
Cyclosporin or Tacrolimus drops reactivate the tear glands
It takes 4–8 weeks to see the effect.
b. Artificial Tear Products
Requires frequent use
Moisturizes the cornea
May be sufficient in the mildest cases of KCS
c. Mucolytics and Antibiotics
Used when the current is very heavy
If there is an infection, antibiotics may be required
d. Surgery (Parotid Duct Transposition)
In very severe KCS, the salivary duct is directed to the eye.
It is a rarely used method
4. Home Management and Supportive Therapies
Keeping the eyelids clean
Avoiding dusty environments
Preferring moist food rather than dry food
Regular moisturizing of the eye area
Check every 6 months for chronic diseases
Complications and Prognosis in Cataracts, Glaucoma, and Dry Eye
While cataracts, glaucoma, and dry eye diseases in dogs may initially present with seemingly innocuous symptoms, if left untreated, they can lead to serious complications that threaten both vision and the structural integrity of the eye. These complications often lead to irreversible damage. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of disease progression and potential outcomes is crucial for planning appropriate treatment and monitoring.
1. Cataract Complications
Cataract is not a disease limited to the clouding of the lens; in later stages, it can create great pressure on other structures of the eye.
Lens Luxation (Lens Displacement): The lens may shift forward or backward due to weakening of the lens capsule. This can increase intraocular pressure and lead to glaucoma.
Uveitis (Intraocular Inflammation): As cataract tissue breaks down, inflammation is triggered inside the eye. Uveitis can cause both pain and retinal damage.
Secondary Glaucoma: When a cataract progresses and the lens swells, fluid flow pathways are blocked and intraocular pressure rises to dangerous levels.
Total Blindness: If cataracts are not treated, permanent vision loss becomes inevitable in the long term.
2. Glaucoma Complications
Glaucoma is the most urgent and aggressive form of canine eye disease. It can cause irreversible damage to the retina and optic nerve within hours.
Optic Nerve Atrophy: The increased pressure compresses the optic nerve, causing cell death.
Retinal Degeneration: In advanced glaucoma, the retina may lose its function completely.
Pain-Related Behavioral Disorders: Dogs with glaucoma may become restless, shy, or aggressive.
Eye Enlargement (Buphthalmos): The eyeball grows abnormally, causing both aesthetic and functional problems.
Permanent Blindness: If treatment is delayed, glaucoma results in permanent blindness.
3. Dry Eye (DEY) Complications
If dry eyes are left untreated for a long time, serious damage to the corneal tissue occurs.
Corneal Ulcers: Lack of tears weakens the cornea's defense mechanisms, making ulcer formation inevitable.
Pigmentary Keratitis: Pigment buildup occurs on the surface of the cornea; this can cause permanent vision loss.
Vascularization: Blood vessel formation begins in the cornea, and transparency decreases.
Thick Discharge and Infection: Thick discharge covers the corneal surface, paving the way for infection.
4. Prognosis (Healing Course of Diseases)
Prognosis varies depending on the type of disease and the timing of intervention.
Cataract: Surgery has a high success rate (85–95%). Without surgery, the prognosis is poor.
Glaucoma: Early treatment is crucial for vision. In delayed cases, vision may not return; only pain management is required.
Dry Eye: Can be kept under control with regular medication. It offers a good prognosis, but lifelong treatment is required.
Home Care, Eye Hygiene and Long-Term Management
Treatment of eye diseases isn't limited to clinical interventions. Proper home care can both accelerate healing and prevent complications. Daily care after treatment for cataracts, glaucoma, and dry eye significantly improves your dog's quality of life . All the necessary steps for long-term management are detailed below.
1. Ensuring Eye Hygiene
The area around the eyes should be wiped with sterile eye cleansing solutions 1–2 times a day.
Discharges should be gently cleaned and the eyelid edges should not be left dry.
If cotton is used, it should be lint-free.
2. Regular Use of Medications
Diseases such as dry eye and glaucoma require regular medication use.
Eye drops should be administered at correct intervals.
Waiting 5–10 minutes between drops will increase absorption.
Antibiotics and anti-inflammatory medications should be administered thoroughly after surgery.
3. Environment Management
Dusty, smoky or windy environments should be avoided.
The air conditioner at home should not blow directly into the dog's eyes.
While walking around the garden, you should be careful of plant branches and thorny areas.
4. Use of Protective Equipment
An Elizabethan collar should be used for at least 10–14 days after surgery.
When walking outside, attention should be paid to eye irritants.
5. Nutrition and General Health Management
Eye health is closely related to the general condition of the body.
Diets containing omega-3 fatty acids support corneal and retinal health.
Systemic diseases such as diabetes should be kept under control.
It is important to reduce the risk of obesity in older dogs with eye disease.
6. Regular Veterinary Checkups
Controls are essential for long-term success:
Check-ups at 1–3 month intervals in the first year after cataract surgery
Tonometry monitoring in glaucoma patients
Evaluation of drug response in dry eye cases
Monitoring the risk of developing corneal ulcers
7. Monitoring Behavioral Changes
As vision decreases, dogs may become more agitated, timid, or aggressive.
The location of items should not be changed
Help him move slower in dark environments
When the eyes are irritated, caution should be exercised against rubbing them with their paws.
Owner Responsibilities During the Treatment Process
The role of owners in the treatment of cataracts, glaucoma, and dry eye in dogs is one of the most important factors that directly affects the success of treatment. Because eye diseases are progressive, treatment is not limited to clinic procedures; regular home care, proper medication use, and monitoring are crucial. Below, all the responsibilities owners must assume during the treatment process are detailed.
1. Regular and Correct Use of Medicines
The foundation of the treatment process is the complete and accurate administration of eye drops, ointments and systemic medications.
Glaucoma drops are usually applied 2–3 times a day, and this pattern should not be interrupted.
Immunomodulatory drops for dry eye treatment require long-term use; irregularity reduces the effectiveness of the treatment.
After cataract surgery, antibiotic and anti-inflammatory drops must be used for the specified period.
The waiting time between drops (5–10 minutes) is important; otherwise, the drugs will reduce the effectiveness of each other.
The owner must follow the medication usage schedule and not allow any doses to be missed.
2. Ensuring Daily Eye Hygiene
The area around the eyes should be kept clean.
Discharges should be gently wiped away with sterile eye cleansing solutions.
The crusts that form when you wake up in the morning should not be left to accumulate between the eyelids.
The choice of cotton or handkerchief should be made so that it does not leave any fibers.
Poor hygiene increases the risk of infection and complicates the treatment process.
3. Uninterrupted Use of the Protective Collar
Especially after surgery, dogs may scratch their eyes with their paws. This can:
the stitches are opening,
corneal ulcer,
development of infection,
even permanent vision loss
may be the cause.
Therefore, the use of a protective collar should be continued for the first 10–14 days after surgery.
4. Making the Home Environment Suitable for Eye Health
The environment should not be dusty or smoky.
Air conditioners or fans should not blow air directly into the eyes.
Thorny areas should be avoided when walking in the garden.
Dogs with eye disease should not be kept outside in windy weather for long periods of time.
These arrangements prevent irritation of the cornea.
5. Regulation of Nutrition
Eye health is directly related to overall health.
Foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids support retinal health.
Because diabetic dogs have a high risk of cataracts, blood sugar must be kept under control.
Inadequate nutrition can reduce tear quality and impair corneal integrity.
Regular and controlled nutrition supports the treatment.
6. Go to Regular Veterinary Checkups
Follow-up is mandatory for the correct progress of treatment.
Tonometry measurements may be required every 1–4 weeks in glaucoma patients.
Frequent check-ups should be performed in the first year after cataract surgery.
Drug response should be evaluated periodically in patients with dry eye.
In dogs at risk of corneal ulcers, short-term examinations are essential.
When controls are disrupted, the disease can progress.
7. Close Monitoring of Behavioral Changes
Decreased vision can lead to behavioral changes in dogs.
The location of objects should not be changed, and a fixed order should be maintained to help the dog find its way.
Stairs and corners should be made safe because it moves slower in the dark.
Since anxiety may increase in dogs with vision loss, a patient and calm approach should be taken.
In eye diseases, behaviors provide clues about the course of the disease.
Differences Between Eye Diseases in Dogs and Cats
Although cats and dogs share many common eye diseases, the incidence, severity, course, and response to treatment of these diseases vary significantly between the two species. Clinically, understanding these differences is critical for both accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment strategies.
1. Frequency of Diseases
In dogs: Cataracts, glaucoma and dry eyes are much more common.
In cats: Cataracts are less common, but are often due to secondary causes (infection, trauma, uveitis).
Primary glaucoma is rare in cats compared to dogs.
2. Rate of Disease Progression
Glaucoma in dogs progresses very quickly and can lead to blindness within hours.
In cats, progression is slower, but if symptoms are missed, permanent damage can occur.
Cataracts are generally small and slowly progressing in cats; they can be more aggressive in dogs.
3. Anatomical Differences
Cats have a more durable eye structure than dogs; corneal edema in glaucoma occurs later.
Traumatic eye diseases are more common in brachycephalic (flat-faced) breeds of dogs due to eye protrusion; this risk is lower in cats.
4. Dry Eye (DEY) Differences
KCS is very common in dogs and most are immune-mediated.
KCS is rare in cats; it is usually due to viral infections (herpesvirus).
5. Response to Treatment
Dogs respond very well to immune modulator drops (Cyclosporin, Tacrolimus).
Cats tolerate the same medications more slowly and need to use lower doses.
6. Type of Complications
Complications of glaucoma in dogs are more aggressive; buphthalmos is common.
Optic nerve degeneration progresses more insidiously in cats.
7. Surgical Differences
Cataract surgery is more commonly performed in dogs and the results are very good.
Surgery is less commonly performed in cats because cataracts in cats are often due to secondary diseases, and surgery is ineffective without addressing the underlying cause.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Why can eye diseases progress so quickly in dogs?
Eye diseases in dogs, particularly cataracts and glaucoma, can progress rapidly due to the eye's delicate anatomical structure. Glaucoma, which increases intraocular pressure, can cause irreversible damage to the optic nerve within hours. Cataracts begin with the lens losing its transparency and, as they progress, can lead to lens swelling, inflammation, and secondary glaucoma. Dry eyes, on the other hand, can rapidly lead to ulcers due to the deterioration of the tear film that nourishes the cornea.
Do cataracts in dogs always require surgery?
In dogs, mild cataracts may minimally affect vision, and surgery can be postponed. However, in progressive cataracts, the lens becomes increasingly opaque, eventually leading to complete blindness. Surgery is the only definitive treatment. In dogs with intact retinas, the success rate is 85–95%. If surgery is not performed, the risk of developing secondary glaucoma increases.
How to recognize the early signs of glaucoma in dogs?
In dogs, glaucoma may present with redness, watering, and an inability to look at light in the early stages. The dog may squint, try to rub its eyes with its paw, and its light reflex may be diminished. In the later stages, the eye enlarges and sudden vision loss can occur. A definitive diagnosis cannot be made without measuring intraocular pressure with tonometry.
What happens if dry eye disease in dogs is left untreated?
If dry eye (DLE) is left untreated, the cornea becomes constantly irritated, leading to ulcers, vascularization, and pigment accumulation. Tear deficiency can lead to infections and, in the long term, permanent vision loss. With proper treatment, dry eye can be controlled.
Can eye diseases in dogs be genetic?
Yes. Breeds such as Cocker Spaniels, Pugs, Shih Tzus, Boston Terriers, and Yorkshire Terriers are genetically predisposed to developing cataracts, glaucoma, or dry eyes. Genetic factors can affect lens structure, intraocular pressure regulation, and tear gland function.
Can cataracts in dogs occur due to diabetes?
Yes. Cataracts develop very quickly in diabetic dogs. Excess glucose in the blood passes into the lens, causing it to reabsorb water. This can cause the lens to become completely opaque within a few weeks. Even if diabetes is controlled, the risk of developing cataracts remains.
When is glaucoma surgery necessary in dogs?
If intraocular pressure cannot be controlled with medications or if optic nerve damage progresses, glaucoma surgery may be considered. Surgical options include laser treatment, drainage implants, or lens removal if the lens is luxated. In advanced cases, even enucleation of the eye may be necessary for pain management.
Can dry eye disease in dogs be completely cured?
Dry eye often requires lifelong treatment. In most cases, immunomodulatory drops (cyclosporine, tacrolimus) reactivate the tear glands and provide significant improvement. However, symptoms return if treatment is discontinued. Regular follow-up and disciplined care are essential.
Are eye diseases in dogs more common in older dogs?
Yes. Cataracts are common in older dogs because aging causes the lens proteins to deteriorate. Glaucoma and dry eyes also occur more frequently with age. However, they can also occur in young dogs due to genetic predisposition or trauma.
Does seeing whites in dogs' eyes definitely mean cataracts?
No. While whitening or clouding is the most obvious sign of cataracts, it can be confused with nuclear sclerosis (hardening of the lens due to aging). Definitive diagnosis is only made with biomicroscopy. Nuclear sclerosis doesn't impair vision, but cataracts can cause significant vision loss over time.
Does glaucoma in dogs cause permanent blindness?
Yes. When intraocular pressure becomes too high, cells in the retina and optic nerve die rapidly. This damage is irreversible. Therefore, glaucoma is always considered an emergency. If the pressure is not reduced quickly, permanent blindness can occur.
Which breeds are at higher risk for dry eye disease in dogs?
Dry eyes are more common in Cocker Spaniels, Shih Tzus, Lhasa Apso breeds, Bulldogs, and some terrier breeds. Immune-mediated gland damage is more common in these breeds. Regular tear tests are recommended for breeds at risk for dry eye.
What should be considered in dogs after cataract surgery?
The first 10–14 days after surgery are a critical period. The dog should never scratch its eyes, a protective collar should be worn, and antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drops should be administered regularly. Follow-up examinations should not be missed. These guidelines increase the success rate.
Are drops sufficient for treating glaucoma in dogs?
In early and mid-stage glaucoma, drops can keep the pressure under control. However, many dogs respond less quickly to medication and may require surgery. Glaucoma is a chronic disease, and regular tonometry is essential.
How should home cleaning be done for dry eye disease in dogs?
The area around the eyes should be gently cleaned with warm water or a veterinarian-recommended solution. Accumulation of sticky discharge increases the risk of infection. The inside of the eyelids should be gently wiped with a lint-free cotton pad. This can be done once or twice a day.
Can eye diseases in dogs be completely prevented?
While it's not completely preventable, the risk can be reduced. Avoiding trauma, keeping diabetes under control, getting regular tests for breeds prone to dry eyes, and keeping the eye area clean significantly reduces the risk.
Do cataracts in dogs correct themselves?
No. Cataracts are progressive and do not disappear on their own. The lens can become completely opaque. The only definitive treatment is surgery. If surgery is not performed, lens luxation and secondary glaucoma can develop.
Is glaucoma in dogs genetic?
Primary glaucoma is genetically transmitted in many breeds. Breeds such as the Cocker Spaniel, Beagle, and Shiba Inu are particularly at risk. It is associated with genetic predisposition, congenital narrow drainage angles, or structural abnormalities.
Does dry eye disease in dogs cause eye color changes?
Yes. Long-term, untreated dry eyes can lead to pigment accumulation and vascularization on the corneal surface. This can cause the eye color to become dull and even develop a brownish coating.
Do eye diseases cause pain in dogs?
Glaucoma and corneal ulcers can cause significant pain. Dry eyes can cause a burning and stinging sensation. Cataracts alone are not painful, but they can develop if secondary uveitis develops. In dogs, eye pain can manifest as restlessness and behavioral changes.
Up to what age can cataract surgery be performed on dogs?
Age alone is not a barrier. What matters is whether the retina is healthy and whether tests for general anesthesia are positive. Surgery can be performed successfully even in dogs 10 years of age and older.
What symptoms indicate an emergency in glaucoma in dogs?
Sudden blindness, severe pain, significant enlargement of the eye, extreme sensitivity to light, and persistent pupil dilation are all signs of glaucoma emergency. In this case, even a delay of a few hours can lead to vision loss.
What tests are done for dry eye disease in dogs?
The Schirmer tear test is the most basic test. Fluorescein staining, tear film stability testing, and culture tests may also be used if necessary. These tests provide a clear indication of disease severity.
How to increase the comfort of life after eye diseases in dogs?
Regularly refreshing the home, maintaining eye hygiene, frequent checkups, a balanced diet, and maintaining a controlled schedule of favorite activities significantly improve the dog's quality of life. It's crucial not to move furniture around in dogs with vision loss.
How long does it take to recover from eye disease surgery in dogs?
Recovery from cataract surgery takes 3–6 weeks. Recovery from glaucoma surgery can be longer. Dry eye treatment, however, is lifelong. Recovery time varies depending on the type of disease and the dog's overall health.
Sources
American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)
European College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists (ECVO)
World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA)
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