Heart Disease in Cats – Early Signs
- VetSağlıkUzmanı
- Nov 22
- 25 min read
What is Heart Disease in Cats?
Heart diseases in cats are serious health problems resulting from structural or functional disorders of the heart, directly affecting the circulatory system, lung function, and metabolism. Heart diseases can progress insidiously in cats, and in many cases, symptoms may not become apparent until the disease is advanced. Therefore, early diagnosis is crucial for a cat's longevity and quality of life.
The cat's heart is a complex organ consisting of four chambers, valve systems, and vascular structures. A defect in any part of this structure reduces blood pumping capacity. As a result, the heart may not be able to pump enough blood or may leak blood back into the bloodstream. This can:
insufficient oxygen reaching the tissues,
fluid accumulation in the lungs,
thickening or weakening of the heart muscle,
rhythm disorders,
sudden paralysis or sudden death
It can lead to a wide range of clinical conditions.
Heart diseases in cats are examined in two main categories:
1. Acquired (Later Developing) Heart Diseases
Diseases in this group can develop at any time during a cat's life. The most common is HCM (Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy) . Additionally, heart valve disease, arrhythmias, and heart problems related to metabolic diseases also fall into the acquired group.
2. Congenital Heart Diseases
These disorders are heart structural abnormalities that cats have from birth. These conditions include VSD (ventricular septal defect), PDA (patent ductus arteriosus), and valve stenosis. While some kittens show no symptoms in their first months, a heart murmur is noticed early in others.
The vast majority of heart diseases in cats are initially silent. Therefore, regular veterinary checkups are crucial for monitoring heart health, especially in cats over 5 years of age. Early detection of heart disease increases treatment success and can prevent sudden, fatal complications.
Types of Heart Disease in Cats
Heart disease in cats encompasses a wide spectrum of conditions, including structural heart muscle disorders, valvular abnormalities, arrhythmias, and congenital malformations. Each disease manifests through a different mechanism and presents with a distinct clinical picture. The following classification covers the most important types of heart disease seen in cats.
It is the most common heart disease in cats. In HCM, the heart muscle becomes excessively thick , which narrows the heart's internal volume and prevents it from pumping blood adequately.
Key features:
Genetic predisposition is common
It is more common in male cats
Sudden paralysis (paralysis of the hind legs), high risk of blood clots
Sudden death may occur
HCM accounts for 60–70% of heart disease in cats.
2. Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM)
In DCM, the heart muscle becomes thin and weak . This causes the heart walls to expand and stretch.
Features:
Historically associated with taurine deficiency
It is less common today thanks to quality food.
High risk of heart failure
3. Restrictive Cardiomyopathy (RCM)
RCM occurs when the heart muscle loses its elasticity. The heart muscle stiffens and the filling phase is disrupted.
Features:
It can be seen in middle-aged and older cats.
Not as common as HCM
Edema may occur due to increased intracardiac pressure.
4. Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (ARVC)
It is rare. It is characterized by fatty deposits and muscle degeneration in the right ventricular wall.
Symptoms:
irregular heart rhythm
Syncope (sudden fainting)
Exercise intolerance
In some cases, sudden death may occur.
5. Heart Valve Diseases
Due to structural disorders or degeneration of the heart valves, blood leaks backwards or the flow direction is disrupted.
Types:
Mitral valve insufficiency
Tricuspid valve disorders
Aortic valve stenosis
Pulmonary valve problems
Valve diseases become more common with age.
6. Congenital Heart Defects
Some kittens are born with congenital heart abnormalities.
The most common are:
VSD (ventricular septal defect)
ASD (atrial septal defect)
PDA (patent ductus arteriosus)
Pulmonary stenosis
Aortic stenosis
These defects are noticed in the early stages with a murmur.
7. Heart Problems Due to Thyroid, Kidney and Metabolic Diseases
For example, hyperthyroidism can cause heart enlargement and heart failure in the long term by excessively increasing the heart rate. Kidney failure, hypertension and anemia are also important factors that trigger heart diseases.
Causes of Heart Disease in Cats
Heart disease in cats can occur through many different mechanisms, and the cause isn't always a single factor. Some heart diseases are genetically determined, while others develop as a result of a combination of metabolic, hormonal, infectious, or environmental factors. Because most heart diseases progress insidiously, identifying the underlying cause is critical for both developing a treatment plan and assessing prognosis.
1. Genetic Predisposition
In cats, diseases that cause thickening of the heart muscle, especially HCM, are genetically inherited. Mutations have been clearly identified in some breeds. Heart diseases caused by genetic predisposition usually begin to show symptoms in early adulthood.
Characteristics of genetic factors:
Intra-familial transmission is strong
The incidence rate is very high in some races
May cause sudden death or clot formation
Genetic heart disease is one of the strongest risk factors in cats.
2. Structural (Congenital) Anomalies
Some cats are born with heart valve defects, septum defects or vascular anomalies. These disorders are present from birth and are noticed as a murmur at an early age.
Examples of congenital causes:
VSD (ventricular septal defect)
ASD (atrial septal defect)
PDA (patent ductus arteriosus)
Aortic or pulmonary valve stenosis
Some of these diseases can be corrected with surgery, while others require lifelong follow-up.
3. Hyperthyroidism (Hormone-Induced Heart Disease)
Hyperthyroidism can overwork the heart muscle in cats, causing heart enlargement (concentric hypertrophy), tachycardia, and high blood pressure. If left untreated, the heart wall thickens over time and can develop into cardiomyopathy.
Hyperthyroidism → chronic tachycardia → cardiac muscle overload → HCM-like picture
This mechanism is an important risk factor, especially in older cats.
4. Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)
High blood pressure causes the heart muscle to constantly face high resistance. This situation:
Left ventricular wall thickening
Increased risk of clots
Eye and kidney damage
Heart failure
It can lead to very serious consequences such as.
5. Kidney Diseases
Chronic renal failure is one of the most common systemic diseases that trigger heart disease in cats. This is because:
Increased blood pressure
Change in blood volume
Electrolyte disturbances
Anemia
Effects such as these put a strain on the heart in the long term.
6. Nutritional Deficiencies That Weaken the Heart Muscle
Taurine deficiency was the leading cause of DCM in cats in the past. While it is less common today because food ingredients have improved, improper feeding , incomplete nutrition, or homemade, unbalanced diets can still weaken the heart muscle.
7. Infections and Inflammatory Diseases
Some viral or bacterial infections can directly affect the heart muscle:
Toxoplasmosis
Mycoplasma
Bacterial endocarditis
Inflammation of the heart muscle (myocarditis) can cause rhythm disturbances and sudden heart failure.
8. Aging and Tissue Degeneration
In aging cats, the heart muscle loses its flexibility. Calcification of the valves, reperfusion disorders and vascular constrictions facilitate heart diseases.
9. Obesity and Sedentary Lifestyle
Excess weight and a sedentary lifestyle increase the pumping load on the heart. Over time, the heart muscle becomes fatigued and hypertrophy may develop.
10. Stress and Chronic Adrenaline Effects
Prolonged release of stress hormones accelerates the heart rhythm and creates constant pressure on the heart. In some cats, high stress levels can predispose to arrhythmias.
Breeds Prone to Heart Disease in Cats
The table below shows cat breeds that are genetically more prone to or resistant to heart disease, according to current literature. Some of these breeds are particularly at risk for HCM, while others may also be predisposed to other types of cardiomyopathy.
Table: Race | Description | Risk Level
Race | Explanation | Risk Level |
MYBPC3 mutation causing HCM is common | A lot | |
Genetic HCM mutation is among the identified races | A lot | |
The risk of cardiomyopathy may increase after middle age | Middle | |
Persian (Persian Cat) | A predisposition to metabolic and heart valve problems has been reported. | Middle |
Valve stenosis and HCM-like conditions may be observed. | Middle | |
Sphynx | It is one of the races where HCM is frequently seen. | A lot |
Norwegian Forest Cat | Genetic studies report a risk of HCM | Middle |
Burmese | There may be a tendency to arrhythmia and heart valve problems. | Little |
Siamese (Siamese) | Genetically relatively more resistant | Little |
Domestic Shorthair (House Cat) | Because the population is large, all types of heart disease can be seen | Middle |
Overall, the highest risk is in breeds such as the Maine Coon, Ragdoll, and Sphynx.
Early Signs of Heart Disease in Cats
Heart disease in cats often progresses silently , meaning it's asymptomatic. Many cats may show almost no symptoms until the disease is in its middle or advanced stages. This is one of the most significant factors that make heart disease dangerous. Identifying early symptoms can significantly extend a cat's lifespan.
The early symptoms below are often attributed by owners to innocent causes such as "old age," "weakness," or "slacking off after puberty." However, these symptoms may indicate that the heart is silently beginning to strain.
1. Mild Weakness and Decreased Activity
This is the earliest and most insidious symptom. Cat:
Starts playing less
Heads towards sleep
May have difficulty climbing stairs
Does not do the jumping movements he did before
This is often the first sign that the heart is not carrying enough oxygen.
2. Mild Changes in Breathing
The respiratory system is also affected by heart diseases. In the early stages:
Faster breathing at rest
Slight breathlessness
Quiet acceleration without open-mouth breathing may be observed.
These changes are especially noticeable while sleeping.
3. Decreased Appetite and Weight Loss
When the heart cannot pump enough blood, the digestive system is also affected.Cat:
Even if he approaches the food, he can quickly move away.
Less space
Weight loss begins within weeks
Muscle loss called “cardiac cachexia” may also occur in chronic heart diseases.
4. Rapid Heartbeat (Tachycardia)
Cat's heart rate;
constantly high,
when felt by hand, it is fast in a "hit and run" manner,
may be accelerated even in the absence of stress.
These signs are usually noticed by the veterinarian during an examination, but the owner may also notice a change in rhythm when petting the cat.
5. Cough (Rare But Important)
Although common in dogs, coughing is rare in cats . However, a mild cough may be observed in early-stage heart failure .
This situation:
increased pressure in the pulmonary vessels
may indicate respiratory distress originating from the heart.
Irregularities in heart rhythm or mild respiratory distress can disturb the cat. Cat:
It may be difficult to lie down and get up
Can panic and hide once in a while
The cooling-off period may be prolonged
These behaviors are early indicators of cardiac stress.
7. Exercise Intolerance
Even after a short game the cat:
if he is out of breath
gets tired quickly
if the desire to play suddenly decreases
there is a high probability of heart disease.
8. Mild Murmur or Arrhythmia
A murmur in cats does not always indicate heart disease, but early murmurs may be the first sign of progressive heart disease. This finding is often only noticed during a veterinary stethoscope examination.
9. Irregular Pulse
Some cats may develop arrhythmia in the early stages. Pulse:
irregular
fast-slow mixed
It may feel like it suddenly speeds up and then slows down.
Arrhythmia is one of the first signs of heart diseases, especially HCM and metabolic heart diseases.
When the heart cannot carry enough oxygen, metabolism slows down. Therefore:
matting of feathers
don't stop cleaning yourself
When combed, more shedding may occur.
This can be an indirect but important early sign.
Summary: Signs of heart disease in cats are often subtle and can be difficult for owners to detect. However, these early signs should not be ignored, and heart health should be closely monitored, especially in cats over 4 or 5 years of age.
How Are Heart Diseases Diagnosed in Cats?
Accurately diagnosing heart disease in cats requires a comprehensive evaluation. Many heart conditions are initially silent and can only be detected with advanced diagnostic methods. The diagnostic process involves a combination of tests that evaluate both the structural condition and functional capacity of the heart.
1. Clinical Examination
During the veterinary examination, the following findings are evaluated:
Heart murmur
Rhythm irregularities
High heart rate
Increased respiratory rate
Mucosal colors
Pulse quality
General loss of condition
Although these findings suggest heart disease, further tests are required for a definitive diagnosis.
2. Listening (Auscultation)
This evaluation made with a stethoscope:
murmur
arrhythmia
irregular heartbeat
changes in heart sounds
It reveals findings that can be detected at an early stage, such as.
3. Ultrasound (Echocardiography – ECHO)
It is the gold standard in diagnosing heart diseases.
With ECO:
heart muscle thickness
vascular exits
chamber width
operating status of the covers
clot formation
heart pumping power (EF)
wall motion abnormalities
is evaluated clearly.
The diagnosis of all cardiomyopathies such as HCM, DCM, and RCM is made by echocardiography.
4. X-ray (thorax radiograph)
A thoracic x-ray provides the following information:
heart size
heart silhouette
fluid accumulation in the lungs (edema)
appearance of vascular structures
It is very important in suspicion of heart failure.
5. Blood Tests
Some biochemical parameters are guiding in the evaluation of heart diseases.
Specific heart markers:
NT-proBNP (cardiac muscle stress indicator)
Troponin I (heart muscle damage indicator)
Other tests:
Thyroid hormones (T4)
Kidney function tests
Electrolyte balance
Anemia evaluation
T4 levels are especially critical in heart diseases caused by hyperthyroidism.
6. ECG (Electrocardiography)
It is used to detect heart rhythm disorders.
Arrhythmias
Tachycardia
Atrial fibrillation
Ventricular runaway rhythms
It can be clearly determined by ECG.
7. Blood Pressure Measurement
Hypertension both triggers and aggravates heart disease in cats. Therefore, blood pressure measurement is mandatory whenever heart disease is suspected.
8. Advanced Imaging Methods
In rare cases:
CT
MRI
It can be used for detailed evaluation of heart and vascular structures.
Treatment Methods for Heart Diseases in Cats
Treatment for heart disease in cats varies depending on the type and stage of the disease, the underlying cause, and the cat's overall health. Treatment approaches generally focus on symptom management , reducing heart workload , rhythm control , regulating fluid balance , and preventing complications . While most heart diseases cannot be cured, proper treatment can significantly improve a cat's lifespan and quality of life.
The following treatments can be applied alone or in combination.
1. Medication
a) Beta Blockers (Atenolol, Propranolol)
It reduces heart rate.
It reduces the oxygen demand of the heart muscle.
It is effective against HCM and arrhythmias.
b) Calcium Channel Blockers (Diltiazem)
It is one of the most important drugs that target the thickening of the heart muscle.
Improves the filling phase of the heart.
It is frequently used in the treatment of HCM.
c) ACE Inhibitors (Benazepril, Enalapril)
It reduces the workload on the heart by dilating blood vessels.
It is the standard treatment for heart failure.
d) Diuretics (Furosemide, Torsemide)
It is vital if there is fluid accumulation in the lungs.
It is one of the first choice drugs in heart failure crises.
e) Anticoagulants (Clot Preventers)
There is a risk of blood clots in cats, especially in HCM. Therefore:
Clopidogrel
Heparin derivatives
Aspirin can be used (with great caution and in low doses).
f) Antiarrhythmic Drugs
It is used in serious rhythm disorders such as atrial fibrillation.
Drugs such as amiodarone and sotalol are administered under veterinary supervision.
2. Treatment of the Underlying Disease
If there is a condition causing heart disease (hyperthyroidism, kidney disease, hypertension, infection, anemia, etc.), treating that condition will also improve or stabilize the heart disease.
For example:
When hyperthyroidism is treated, the heart rate decreases and cardiac workload is reduced.
When hypertension is controlled, heart muscle thickening may regress.
If fluid balance is regulated in kidney disease, the heart works more stably.
3. Diet Management
Nutrition is of great importance in cats with heart disease. Purpose:
reducing salt,
providing quality proteins,
weight control,
to provide omega-3 support that will reduce the risk of clots.
Diet recommendations:
Low sodium foods
Taurine supplementation (especially in those at risk of DCM)
Omega-3 fatty acids
Safe weight loss program if you are overweight
4. Oxygen Therapy
In cases of heart failure crises (pulmonary edema, etc.), the cat is placed in an oxygen tank. If this treatment is not applied correctly, the risk of loss of life is very high. Although oxygen support is a temporary treatment, it is life-saving.
5. Fluid Management
Both deficient and excessive fluid intake are dangerous in heart diseases. Therefore:
intravenous fluids should be adjusted carefully,
kidney values should be monitored,
Fluid balance should be controlled with diuretics
This balance is critical since heart and kidney diseases often occur together.
6. Surgical Procedures
There are surgical correction options for congenital heart defects (PDA, stenoses, valve disorders). Early surgery in kittens increases the chance of success.
7. Regular Control and Monitoring
Heart disease is a dynamic process. Therefore, regular check-ups are performed after treatment:
ECO every 3 months
X-ray every 3–6 months
Blood pressure measurement
NT-proBNP follow-up test
Monitoring for heart attack symptoms
Follow-up is critical to the success of treatment.
Complications and Prognosis of Heart Disease in Cats
Heart disease in cats can lead to very serious complications if left untreated or diagnosed late. These complications can sometimes progress suddenly, sometimes slowly, but they can significantly impair quality of life. Prognosis can vary widely depending on the type of disease, whether it is diagnosed early, and the cat's response to treatment.
1. Pulmonary Edema
When the heart cannot pump enough blood, pressure increases in the pulmonary veins and fluid leaks out of the veins. This situation:
difficulty breathing,
rapid breathing,
open-mouth breathing,
fatal respiratory attack
Powerful diuretics such as furosemide are life-saving in this situation.
2. Hind Leg Paralysis (Aortoiliac Thromboembolism – ATE)
It is the most dramatic complication seen especially in cats with HCM. The clot that forms in the heart travels from the aorta to the leg veins, and the cat's hind legs become suddenly paralyzed.
Symptoms:
dragging hind legs
cold and hard paws
severe pain
This is an emergency and the prognosis is poor.
3. Heart Failure
In advanced heart diseases, the heart tissue can no longer perform its function.
Symptoms:
cough
difficulty breathing
weight loss
anorexia
weakness
fluid accumulation in the abdomen (ascites)
If heart failure is left unmanaged, it can significantly shorten life expectancy.
4. Rhythm Disorders (Arrhythmias)
Arrhythmias:
syncope
sudden collapse
sudden death
This is why early diagnosis and ECG monitoring are important.
5. Kidney Failure
The heart and kidneys are interconnected organs. If cardiac output decreases, insufficient blood flow to the kidneys and kidney failure may develop. This makes treatment more difficult and worsens the prognosis.
6. Exercise Intolerance and Muscle Loss
In chronic heart disease, metabolic stress increases and the cat begins to lose muscle tissue. This is known as “cardiac cachexia” and is a poor prognostic indicator.
7. Sudden Death
There is a risk of sudden death, especially in cats with genetic HCM. The cat may die without showing any symptoms due to sudden arrhythmia or blood clot formation.
How is Prognosis Assessed?
Prognosis depends on the type and severity of heart disease, response to treatment, and early diagnosis.
Overall average estimates:
Mild HCM → Can live for years without problems
Moderate HCM → 2–5 years with appropriate treatment
Severe HCM or heart failure → Months to 1–2 years
Congenital defects → Surgery can restore lifespan to normal
Early diagnosis is the factor that most affects prognosis.
Home Care and Prevention Methods for Heart Disease in Cats
Heart disease in cats is a chronic, progressive health problem that requires long-term management. Therefore, home care is as important as medical treatment. Daily monitoring, space adjustments, stress management, proper nutrition, and regular medication administration significantly impact the course of the disease in cats with heart disease. Appropriate home care can both extend a cat's lifespan and significantly improve its quality of life.
1. Respiratory and Rest Monitoring (The Most Valuable Observation at Home)
It is possible to detect early warning signs of heart disease at home.
The owner must regularly monitor:
Resting respiratory rate (20–30 per minute is normal)
The pattern of chest movements during breathing
Accelerated breathing while sleeping
Signs of open-mouth breathing
A resting respiratory rate above 30, especially between 40 and 50, may be the onset of pulmonary edema and requires urgent intervention.
2. Reducing Stress
For cats with heart disease, stress is one of the most important triggers that increases heart rate and worsens the disease.
The following precautions should be taken at home:
Creating a quiet and calm living space
Avoiding sudden loud noises
Making smooth transitions when introducing new animals or people
No disruption of routines
Keeping the cat away from tense environments
Using pheromone diffusers
Stress management is very effective in reducing arrhythmias and breathing crises.
3. Temperature and Environmental Control
Cats with heart disease are sensitive to temperature changes.
At home:
Very hot and very cold environments should be avoided.
The cat should rest in a soft, warm area without drafts.
Sudden temperature changes should be prevented
A cold environment can force the heart to work harder.
4. Proper Nutrition and Weight Management
In cats with heart disease, diet is an essential part of treatment.
The following points should be taken into consideration at home:
Low sodium foods should be preferred
Foods containing quality protein and balanced fat should be used.
Omega-3 fatty acids (EPA/DHA) should be added with veterinary approval.
Controlled and slow weight loss should be achieved in obese cats.
A stress-free environment should be preferred before the meal.
Excess weight increases the workload on the heart; underweight reduces heart strength due to muscle loss.
5. Regular Administration of Medications
Heart medications often become a daily routine.
Key points:
Doses should never be skipped.
You should definitely talk to your veterinarian before using any new medication.
Medications should always be given at the same time of day.
If the cat refuses to take medication, different forms (tablet, liquid, capsule) can be tried.
Anticoagulant (clot-preventing) medications should never be given without supervision.
Medication irregularity can lead to serious complications that can lead to heart attack.
6. Emergency Action Plan for Respiratory Crisis
Some heart patients may develop pulmonary edema suddenly. In this case:
Symptoms:
Open-mouth breathing
Constant rapid breathing
Neck extension position
Panic
Bruising
The only right step to take at home: Go to the vet without delay.
Trying to treat at home is dangerous.
7. Creating a Safe Living Space at Home
Cats with heart disease may experience sudden loss of strength, unsteady breathing, or arrhythmia.
Because:
Access to high shelves and furniture should be limited
Anti-slip mats should be used on slippery floors.
Areas that require sudden jumping should be removed.
A safe living space prevents possible falls and traumas.
8. Prevention: Ways to Reduce Your Risk of Heart Disease
Although it is not possible to completely prevent some heart diseases, the risk can be greatly reduced.
Suggestions:
Regular veterinary check-ups (especially after 4–5 years of age)
Blood pressure measurement
Hyperthyroidism screening
Choosing high-quality food
A stress-free home environment
Annual echocardiography screening in genetically predisposed breeds
These steps ensure early detection of heart diseases.
Heart Disease in Cats and Owner Responsibilities
A cat diagnosed with heart disease can live a healthy life largely depends on the owner's informed approach. Because heart disease is chronic and dynamic, owners must both monitor treatment and optimize the cat's daily living conditions. The following responsibilities are critical to a cat's quality and length of life.
1. Not Neglecting Regular Veterinary Checkups
In cats with heart disease, check-ups are essential to ensure the disease remains stable.
Control contents:
ECHO
ECG
Thoracic x-ray
Blood pressure measurement
Blood tests
NT-proBNP test
These checks can be done every 3 months or more frequently, depending on the cat's condition.
2. Sticking to Your Medication Schedule
Failure to take medication for heart disease can have serious consequences. The owner should:
Do not skip doses
Not giving the medicine at the wrong time
Not stopping the medication
Reporting immediately if you experience side effects
Most heart medications are used long-term, so discipline is crucial.
3. Regular Monitoring of Respiratory Rate
The owner should measure the cat's resting respiratory rate several times a week. This allows for early detection of pulmonary edema.
4. Knowing the Risk of Clotting
There is a risk of blood clots, especially in diseases such as HCM.
Know the symptoms of hind leg paralysis (sudden screaming, inability to walk)
In such a case, one should go to the emergency clinic.
Time is very critical in clot removal cases.
5. Recognizing the Symptoms of Heart Attack and Respiratory Attack
The following symptoms require immediate attention:
Open-mouth breathing
Rapid and tense breathing
Bruising
Constantly lying down and not being able to get up
Stroke symptoms
When these symptoms occur, clinical intervention is required without delay.
6. Pay Attention to Nutrition and Weight Control
Owner:
Keep your cat at its ideal weight
Should prevent obesity
If necessary, switch to low sodium foods suitable for heart patients.
Omega-3 supplements should be used with veterinary advice.
7. Keeping the Home Environment Safe and Stress-Free
Cats with heart disease have low stress tolerance. Owner:
Should reduce noise sources
Make changes at home in a controlled manner
Make sure the cat has a safe resting area.
8. Prepare an Emergency Plan
Sudden deterioration is possible in heart patients. The owner should always:
He/she should know the emergency clinics to go to.
Must have transportation plan ready
He/she should be able to carry the cat safely without panicking in times of crisis.
Differences Between Heart Disease in Cats and Dogs
Cats and dogs have completely different clinical profiles regarding heart disease. While the two species have similar cardiac anatomy, their metabolic structure, genetic predispositions, disease onset mechanisms, and symptom progression are significantly different. Therefore, these species differences must be considered when evaluating the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of heart disease.
1. Differences in Frequency of Incidence
In cats: Cardiomyopathies predominate. HCM, in particular, is the most common heart disease.
In dogs: Valvular heart disease (especially mitral valve insufficiency) is the most common disease. DCM is also common.
While genetic HCM predominates in cats, age-related valve disorders predominate in dogs.
2. Genetic Predisposition and Species-Based Risk
Cats: Genetic HCM mutations are evident in breeds such as Maine Coon, Ragdoll, and Sphynx.
Mitral valve disease is very common in breeds such as Cavalier King Charles Spaniels , Chihuahuas, and Poodles.
Cats are prone to HCM, dogs to valve problems.
3. Differences in Symptom Profile
Cats:
Early symptoms are vague
Respiratory problems begin very insidious
Cough is almost never seen
Clot formation (hind leg paralysis) is common
The risk of sudden death is high
Dogs:
Cough is very common
Exercise intolerance occurs as an early symptom
Heart enlargement is more visible on x-ray
Heart failure produces a more typical clinical picture
Coughing in dogs → is one of the most important early signals of heart disease. Coughing in cats → almost always suggests respiratory system diseases.
4. Differences Between Diagnostic Methods
In both species, echocardiography is the gold standard; however, in cats, some tests are even more critical:
NT-proBNP test is widely used in diagnosis and differential diagnosis in cats.
Because cats are under stress, their heart rhythm may be more variable during examination.
X-ray findings are more obvious in dogs, but may not always give a clear signal in cats.
Diagnosing heart disease in cats is often more difficult and requires more nuanced evaluation.
5. Differences in Treatment Approaches
In cats: Beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, anticoagulants (clot preventers) are used more frequently.
In dogs: ACE inhibitors, diuretics, and pimobendan are standard in heart failure.
Cats have very different drug metabolism than dogs; therefore, drug dosages and options are evaluated on a species-specific basis.
6. Differences in Complications
In cats:
Hind leg paralysis (Aortoiliac Thromboembolism – ATE)
Sudden death
Quiet cruise
In dogs:
Pulmonary edema
Chronic cough
Advanced heart failure
The risk of blood clots in cats is rare in dogs.
7. Variation in Prognosis According to Types
Because heart diseases begin insidiously in cats, late diagnosis negatively affects the prognosis. In dogs, the time to start treatment is faster because the symptoms are noticed earlier.
Summary: Heart disease in cats is quieter, more genetic, and prone to more sudden complications. In dogs, heart disease progresses with more obvious symptoms and treatment patterns are more established.
Heart Disease in Cats, Lifespan and Reproductive Information
The impact of heart disease on lifespan in cats varies widely depending on the type of disease, the stage at which it is diagnosed, the response to treatment, and the presence of other comorbidities. Heart disease often cannot be completely "cured," but it can be managed for a long time. Therefore, the right treatment approach and regular follow-up are the most important factors in determining a cat's lifespan and quality of life.
1. Life Expectancy in Early Diagnosed Heart Diseases
If cat heart disease is detected in its early stages, the prognosis is quite good.
Mild HCM: Survival of 5–10 years or longer is possible.
Mild valve disorders: With regular follow-up, a near-normal lifespan is possible.
Mild cases of RCM or arrhythmia: With appropriate treatment, a stable and long life can be achieved.
Early diagnosis prevents fatal complications.
2. Life Expectancy in Moderate and Advanced Stage Heart Diseases
As the disease progresses, the heart muscle becomes unable to pump enough blood.
General life expectancy:
Moderate HCM: 2–5 years
Advanced valve disease: 1–3 years
Congestive heart failure (CHF): 6–18 months
Advanced RCM/DCM: months to 1–2 years
These periods can be significantly extended with regular medication use and a stress-free environment.
3. Life Expectancy in Diseases with Sudden Death Risk
Some heart diseases, especially genetic HCM, carry a risk of sudden death.
This risk:
high heart rate,
ventricular arrhythmias,
It occurs through mechanisms such as the tendency to clot.
In such cases, life expectancy may be unpredictable , so regular ECG/ECG monitoring is essential.
4. Aortoiliac Thromboembolism (ATE) Dramatically Affects Lifespan
ATE is one of the most lethal and painful complications in cats.
The life expectancy of cats that survive their first ATE attack is usually between 6 months and 1 year .
The duration can be extended with anticoagulant therapy, but the risk does not completely disappear.
Therefore, early measures against clot risk (clopidogrel, low-dose aspirin) are vital.
5. Effects on Reproduction
Heart disease can have serious direct and indirect effects on reproduction in cats.
In Female Cats:
The hormonal cycle may become irregular.
Estrus may weaken due to stress and cardiac load.
Pregnancy puts excessive strain on the heart and is not recommended.
Pregnancy can be life-threatening in cats with advanced heart disease.
In Male Cats:
As heart disease progresses, sperm quality may decline.
Arrhythmia, stress, and metabolic disorders reduce reproductive behavior.
Breeding Advice for Breeds with Genetic Diseases:
In HCM risk breeds such as Maine Coon, Ragdoll, Sphynx:
Breeding without genetic testing is definitely not recommended.
Breeding cats carrying the mutation is unethical and causes the disease to spread.
In short: It is not recommended to breed cats with heart disease.
6. Long-Term Follow-Up and Quality of Life Management
The quality of life of a cat with heart disease can be kept high with regular monitoring and attentive care.
Suggestions:
ECO every 3 months
X-ray and ECG checks
NT-proBNP monitoring
Regular medication administration
Adjust exercise and play activities according to the cat's capacity
Respiratory rate monitoring
This approach significantly improves life expectancy and quality of life.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
What is heart disease in cats and why does it progress so insidiously?
Heart disease in cats is a chronic and often progressive condition caused by deterioration of the heart muscle, valvular system, or electrical rhythm. Cats are very adept at hiding their symptoms; this stems from their natural survival instincts. Cats with heart problems in the early stages often have no symptoms or are limited to very general signs such as lethargy and lethargy. Therefore, the disease can progress unnoticed for months, with obvious symptoms only appearing in the later stages.
What are the earliest signs of heart disease in cats?
The earliest signs are subtle: mild lethargy, decreased desire to play, rapid breathing at rest, occasional hiding, difficulty climbing stairs, and a slight decrease in appetite. These symptoms, especially in cats over 5 years of age, should prompt evaluation for heart disease. An increased resting respiratory rate is the most important early warning sign.
Why doesn't heart disease in cats manifest itself with a cough?
Unlike dogs, heart disease is rarely associated with coughing in cats. This is because cats' lungs don't readily trigger a cough reflex, even if they develop edema. In cats, coughing is most often caused by asthma, bronchitis, or respiratory infections; increased respiratory rate and difficulty breathing are more prominent symptoms of heart problems.
If my cat is slightly lethargic, could this be a sign of heart disease?
Yes. Symptoms such as mild weakness, decreased desire to play, sleeping longer, or difficulty climbing stairs can be early signs of heart disease. Owners often interpret these signs as aging or personality changes. However, this type of weakness is often seen in cats with heart disease because their body tissues are not receiving enough oxygen.
Why can heart disease in cats result in sudden death?
Sudden death in heart diseases usually occurs through two mechanisms:
Serious arrhythmias (ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation),
A clot that forms in the heart can travel to the brain or heart vessels. Especially in cats with genetic HCM, electrical imbalance can develop very suddenly and sudden collapse can occur without any symptoms.
How important is genetic predisposition to heart disease in cats?
Genetic predisposition is one of the most important risk factors. Genetic mutations that cause HCM have been identified in breeds such as the Maine Coon, Ragdoll, and Sphynx. Owners of one of these breeds should have an echocardiogram (ECG) at least annually. If there is a genetic predisposition, the disease can develop at a very early age.
If my cat has rapid breathing, could this be a sign of a heart problem?
Yes. Rapid breathing at rest is an early indicator of fluid accumulation in the lungs or an ineffective heart pump. A resting respiratory rate above 30 breaths per minute, especially between 40 and 50, requires urgent evaluation.
What tests are used to diagnose heart disease in cats?
Echocardiography (ECHO) is the gold standard for definitive diagnosis. In addition, chest X-rays, NT-proBNP testing, ECGs, blood pressure measurements, thyroid tests, and routine blood tests are also used. Each test evaluates a different aspect of the heart, and all results are interpreted together.
Does a heart murmur in cats always mean heart disease?
No. Some murmurs may be "physiological" and may not indicate serious heart disease. However, a murmur heard in middle-aged to older cats, in particular, should be evaluated with an echocardiogram. A definitive diagnosis cannot be made without a comprehensive evaluation of the murmur's severity, source, and heart muscle thickness.
What is the relationship between heart disease and hypertension in cats?
Hypertension (high blood pressure) is a condition that puts constant pressure on the heart muscle and, over time, can lead to thickening of the heart muscle, arrhythmias, and vascular damage. Similarly, high blood pressure is common in cats with heart disease. Therefore, blood pressure measurement is a routine assessment in cases of heart disease.
What causes weakness and loss of appetite in a cat with heart disease?
When the heart can't pump enough blood, oxygen can't reach the tissues. As a result, the cat feels lethargic, tired, and listless. Loss of appetite can also occur because the digestive system isn't receiving enough blood. This is a common symptom of heart disease.
Can a cat have a heart attack?
Heart attacks in the human sense are rare in cats. However, heart muscle damage, serious arrhythmias, and clot formation can lead to sudden collapse and death. These conditions can lead to clinically "heart attack-like" events.
How is acute thrombosis (ATE) related to heart disease in cats?
Heart disease, particularly HCM, can cause turbulent blood flow within the heart and clot formation. If this clot travels through the aorta to the hind legs, sudden paralysis can occur. This event is known as aortoiliac thromboembolism (ATE) and is an emergency. Therefore, anticoagulant treatment is important in cats with heart disease.
How to detect heart disease in cats at home?
The most important findings that can be noticed at home:
Increased resting respiratory rate
Move less
Sudden weakness
Hiding behavior
Sleeping more than usual
Increased chest movement while breathing
These symptoms should be evaluated for heart problems and a veterinary check should be performed without delay.
How should a cat with heart disease be fed?
Foods that are low in sodium, contain high-quality protein, and support weight control should be preferred. Omega-3 fatty acids support heart muscle health. Cats should be maintained at their ideal weight, as excess weight increases cardiac load. Diet changes should not be sudden.
Can heart disease in cats be completely cured?
Many heart diseases are chronic and cannot be cured completely; however, with proper treatment, they can remain stable for long periods. Diseases like HCM require lifelong follow-up. Early diagnosis significantly improves both life expectancy and quality of life.
Do medications used for heart disease make cats dependent for life?
Heart medications are not addictive, but regular use is necessary to keep the disease under control. Some medications are prescribed for life, while others may be changed or reduced depending on the stage of the disease. Discontinuing medication should only be done with a veterinarian's approval.
Should exercise be restricted in a cat with heart problems?
Overexertion and sudden movements are prohibited; however, light, controlled play is beneficial for the cat's mental health. The level of exercise a cat can play without panting is ideal. High-altitude activities that require jumping should be avoided.
Can heart disease be congenital in cats?
Yes. Congenital heart defects such as VSD, PDA, and ASD are seen in some kittens. These defects can be detected early by a heart murmur. Some can be corrected with surgery, while others require lifelong follow-up.
Is heart disease in cats linked to kidney failure?
Yes. The heart and kidneys are organs that work together. When cardiac output decreases, insufficient blood flows to the kidneys, and kidney function deteriorates. Kidney failure also negatively affects the heart and disrupts fluid balance. Therefore, cardiorenal syndrome is very common.
How to regulate fluid therapy in a cat with heart disease?
In cats with heart disease, fluid overload can cause pulmonary edema. Therefore, fluid therapy should be administered cautiously and at low rates. Fluid therapy should not be administered to cats with heart failure without veterinary supervision.
What situations are urgent in cats with heart disease?
The following situations require immediate intervention:
Open-mouth breathing
Rapid and labored breathing
Bruising
Sudden collapse
Stroke symptoms
Loss of consciousness
These symptoms indicate life-threatening conditions such as heart failure, a heart attack, or a blood clot.
How long can cats with heart disease live?
In mild heart disease, life expectancy can be extended by years. In moderate and advanced stages, depending on treatment, it can range from 1 to 5 years. Complications such as clots or advanced heart failure can shorten lifespan. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment significantly increase lifespan.
How can the quality of life of cats with heart disease be improved?
Regular medication use, a low-stress environment, a calm environment, light play, proper nutrition, grooming, respiratory monitoring, and regular veterinary checkups significantly improve quality of life. An informed owner's approach is the most important factor in managing heart disease.
Sources
American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)
Cornell Feline Health Center
The International Cat Association (TICA)
Mersin Vetlife Veterinary Clinic – Open on Map: https://share.google/XPP6L1V6c1EnGP3Oc
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