Anaplasma Disease in Dogs: Symptoms, Transmission Routes, and Scientific Treatment Guide

What is Anaplasma Disease?

Anaplasma is a bacterial infection in dogs that is transmitted by ticks and specifically targets blood cells. The disease most often presents in two distinct forms, caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum and, less frequently , Anaplasma platys . These bacteria colonize the dog's immune cells or platelets, disrupting cellular function, causing systemic inflammation, and, if left untreated, can lead to complications affecting multiple organ systems.

These pathogens, carried by ticks, can be transmitted even with just a few hours of contact with an infected tick. Therefore, the disease is more common, especially during spring and summer when the tick population increases. Clinical signs of infection can be mild in some dogs and severe in others. This difference depends on factors such as the dog's immune status, the types of ticks in its area, the type of bacteria, and the duration of the infection.

Anaplasmosis is often a disease that initially progresses "silently." Dogs may not show any noticeable symptoms for days or weeks, but during this time the bacteria continue to actively multiply. Therefore, early diagnosis of the disease is of great importance, especially for dogs living in high-risk areas. With a rapid and accurate diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic treatment, the prognosis is generally quite good; however, delays in treatment can lead to long-term joint pain, weakness , low platelet count, and neurological problems.

Types of Anaplasma Disease

Anaplasma disease in dogs is classified into two main types of bacteria, and each type leads to a different clinical presentation, different target cells, and different complications. These are:

1. Anaplasma phagocytophilum

This type is the most common form of anaplasmosis in dogs and is also known as granulocytic anaplasmosis . The bacteria target immune cells called granulocytes, primarily neutrophils . By disrupting the function of these immune cells, it causes symptoms such as systemic inflammation, joint pain, fever, weakness, muscle pain, and lethargy.

This species is usually transmitted by ticks of the genus Ixodes , and since the same tick species also transmits Lyme disease, the two diseases frequently occur together. Therefore, dogs that test positive for Anaplasma phagocytophilum usually also test positive for Lyme disease or carry a high risk. Due to common sources of transmission, co-infections can lead to a more severe clinical course.

2. Anaplasma platys

This type of disease targets platelets in dogs and is known as "thrombocytopenic anaplasmosis." Because it breaks down platelets and reduces their number, it can lead to recurring cycles of low platelet count, and symptoms of bleeding tendency such as nosebleeds, gum bleeding, or bruising under the skin.

Anaplasma platys is usually transmitted by Rhipicephalus sanguineus (the brown dog tick). While infections caused by this species are sometimes very mild, they can develop into serious complications in immunocompromised dogs.

Clinical Differences Between the Two Types

Feature	A. phagocytophilum	A. platys
Target Cell	Granulocytes	Platelets
Key Symptom	Fever, joint pain	Bleeding tendency
Tick Species	Ixodes spp.	Rhipicephalus spp.
Complication	Joint inflammation, weakness	Thrombocytopenia attacks

Both types respond to antibiotic treatment, but the clinical course and follow-up protocol may differ. Therefore, identifying the correct type of disease is crucial for treatment success.

Causes of Anaplasma Disease

The primary cause of anaplasma infection is a tick carrying the bacteria that bites a dog . The disease is not transmitted from dog to dog through direct contact; a carrier tick is always necessary. The transmission cycle occurs as follows:

1. Bites from infected ticks

When a tick attaches to a dog's skin to feed, it transmits bacteria through its saliva. Transmission usually occurs between 4 and 24 hours, but with some Ixodes species, transmission is possible within a few hours.

2. Geographic region and tick density

Dogs living in areas with high tick populations are at much higher risk. Humid wooded areas, rural regions, and the summer and spring months are the times of highest risk.

3. Weakened immune system

In dogs with weakened immune systems, Anaplasma spreads much faster and causes a more severe clinical picture. Puppies, older dogs, those with chronic diseases, and those using immunosuppressant drugs are at higher risk.

4. Lifestyle factors that increase tick exposure

• Dogs that go outside regularly

• Those living in rural areas

• Those taken on a walk in the wooded area

• Those who do not use protective products against ticks

5. Accompanying diseases

It is very common for Lyme disease to be transmitted along with other tick-borne diseases such as ehrlichiosis or babesiosis. Co-infections both complicate diagnosis and worsen clinical symptoms.

When these factors combine, Anaplasma can quickly develop into a systemic infection.

Strait breeds susceptible to Anaplasma disease.

The table below is based on scientific studies, geographical distribution data, and susceptibility observed in clinical practice to Anaplasma infection. Risk levels are indicated as “High”, “Moderate”, and “Low”.

Race	Explanation	Predisposition Level
Golden Retriever	Tick exposure rates are high due to intense outdoor activity and their frequent presence in rural areas. Immune response to infection can be variable.	A lot
Labrador Retriever	Their energetic nature and active lifestyle in open spaces increase the risk of tick bites; co-infections are also more common.	A lot
German Shepherd	Genetically predisposed to immune system sensitivity and frequent outdoor activities make them more susceptible to Anaplasmosis.	A lot
Beagle	Due to its hunting dog origins and intensive use of rough terrain, it is a breed susceptible to tick-borne diseases.	A lot
Border Collie	They are in risk groups due to their high activity level and extensive terrain mobility.	Middle
Kangal and Shepherd Breeds	Because they live in rural areas, they are in constant contact with tick populations.	Middle
Husky and Spitz Breeds	The risk of infection increases when they are active in forested areas; however, their genetic resistance is relatively better.	Middle
Toy Breeds (Poodle, Maltese, Yorkshire Terrier)	Although the risk is low for those living indoors, more severe clinical symptoms may develop with contact in open spaces.	Little
Bulldog and Brachycephalic Breeds	Lifestyle factors reduce the risk of tick bites, but infection can cause respiratory and circulatory problems that worsen the illness.	Little

This table also reflects the statistical data from cases seen in veterinary clinics in practice. However, it should be remembered that any breed exposed to ticks can develop Anaplasma infection , so even breeds that are not susceptible should not neglect preventive measures.

Symptoms of Anaplasma Disease

Anaplasma is one of the diseases that has a clinically “silent onset.” There may be no symptoms in the early days of infection; therefore, it is often noticed late by many dog owners. As the disease progresses, symptoms vary depending on the type of bacteria that infects and the dog's immune system. The most common symptoms are:

1. Fever and weakness

Fever is common due to systemic inflammation in the body. The dog generally moves less, doesn't want to play, and tires easily.

2. Joint pain and limping

In A. phagocytophilum infection, joint inflammation and pain occur as a result of the targeting of immune cells. In some dogs, sudden lameness is the most prominent symptom.

3. Loss of appetite and weight loss

Metabolic stress and inflammation can cause dogs to refuse to eat. In prolonged cases, weight loss may occur.

4. Symptoms of bleeding due to low platelet count

Especially in A. platys infection:

• Nosebleed

• bleeding gums

• Bruise under the skin

• Symptoms such as prolonged bleeding time may occur.

5. Eye and nervous system symptoms

In advanced cases, due to the bacteria's effect on the immune system, intraocular inflammation, vision problems, and rarely neurological symptoms may occur.

6. Enlarged lymph nodes

Lymph nodes can swell significantly depending on the body's immune response.

Because symptoms are highly variable, diagnosis is difficult based solely on clinical findings; therefore, laboratory tests are always necessary.

Diagnosis of Anaplasma Disease

Diagnosing anaplasma is a multi-step process, and relying solely on clinical signs is inaccurate. Veterinarians use both blood tests and specific diagnostic tests to definitively confirm the disease.

1. Clinical evaluation

The veterinarian will assess the dog's general condition, fever, joint tenderness, signs of bleeding, and lymph nodes. A history of tick bite is very helpful in diagnosis.

2. Blood tests

The most common laboratory findings are:

• Low platelet count (thrombocytopenia)

• Leukocyte changes

• Anemia

• Elevated liver enzymes

In A. platys cases, recurrent cycles of platelet decline are typical.

3. Rapid tests (ELISA / SNAP test)

These tests, commonly used in veterinary clinics, detect the presence of Anaplasma antibodies. Screening for both Lyme disease and Ehrlichia is important.

4. PCR test

The definitive diagnostic method is PCR. This test directly detects the organism's DNA and can distinguish whether the infection is active or past. It also indicates which species ( A. phagocytophilum or A. platys ) is causing the infection.

5. Blood smear examination

The presence of bacterial inclusions in granulocytes or platelets under a microscope supports the diagnosis, but they may not always be detectable.

Diagnosis is made by evaluating the results of these different tests together. Early diagnosis is the most critical factor in determining treatment success.

Treatment of Anaplasma Disease

Anaplasma infection is a disease that responds quite well when the correct treatment protocol is followed. Antibiotics form the basis of treatment, but supportive care is also extremely important depending on the clinical picture.

1. Antibiotic Treatment (Doxycycline)

Doxycycline is considered the first-line treatment for anaplasmosis.

• The typical recommended treatment duration is 28 days .

• Because the bacteria live intracellularly, long-term antibiotic use is necessary.

• A significant improvement in the dog's overall condition can be observed within 24–48 hours of starting treatment.

Doxycycline is effective against both A. phagocytophilum and A. platys infections. It is also the preferred treatment for combined infections because it is effective against concomitant diseases such as Lyme disease and ehrlichiosis.

2. Pain and Inflammation Control

Dogs with joint pain and muscle tenderness may be treated with anti-inflammatory drugs under veterinary supervision. However, steroids should be used cautiously in Anaplasma infections because they suppress the immune system.

3. Supportive Treatment

In severe cases, to stabilize the dog's general condition:

• Serum therapy

• Electrolyte balance

• Vitamin and antioxidant supplements

• Liver support products can be used.

4. Blood Transfusion

In A. platys infection, if platelet counts drop to critically low levels, a blood transfusion may be necessary. This is rare but can be life-saving.

5. Post-Treatment Follow-up

After treatment is completed, monitoring can be done with PCR or rapid tests. PCR is more reliable for assessing active infection because antibodies can remain positive for a long time.

Adhering strictly to the treatment duration, not discontinuing the medication prematurely, is important to prevent recurrence of the infection.

Complications and Prognosis in Anaplasma Disease

Anaplasma can be completely resolved with treatment in most dogs; however, in some cases, complications may arise depending on the severity of the infection, the timing of diagnosis, and comorbidities.

1. Chronic Joint Problems

Joint inflammation can persist for a long time in A. phagocytophilum infection. Recurrent episodes of claudication may occur even after treatment.

2. Problems Related to Thrombocytopenia

Recurrent platelet decreases in A. platys- related infections:

• Nosebleed,

• Gum bleeding,

• It can cause symptoms such as bruising under the skin to persist for a long time.

3. The Effect of Co-infections on Prognosis

The disease is much more severe when there is a simultaneous infection with diseases such as Lyme disease, Ehrlichia, or Babesia. These co-infections prolong the treatment period and make recovery more difficult.

4. Effects on the Immune System

In some dogs, infection suppresses the immune system for a long time. This can lead to secondary infections or a condition similar to chronic fatigue syndrome.

5. General Prognosis

In most dogs that are diagnosed early and treated with the appropriate dose of doxycycline, the prognosis is excellent . However, the risk of complications increases in untreated or delayed cases. Nevertheless, Anaplasma is one of the tick-borne diseases that responds best to treatment in veterinary medicine.

Home Care and Disease Prevention Methods

While the treatment process is managed clinically, proper care provided at home helps the disease recover faster and reduces the risk of recurrence.

1. Regular Use of Medications

It is very important that antibiotic treatment is given without interruption and for the full duration. Partially treating the infection can lead to a relapse.

2. Rest and Activity Control

The dog should not be overmoved during treatment, and its activity level should be reduced if it has joint pain. Muscle and joint inflammations recover much faster with rest.

3. Nutritional Support

Dogs that have recovered from the illness may have a reduced appetite for a while. During this period:

• Easily digestible foods

• Omega-3 supplements

• Liver-friendly supplements may be recommended.

4. Tick Prevention Products (the most critical step)

The only way to prevent anaplasmosis recurrence is effective tick protection . Monthly tablets, drops, or long-acting collar options should be determined by a veterinarian.

5. Living Space Arrangement

• Regular inspection of gardens and outdoor areas.

• Reducing shrub and grass density

• Reviewing the areas where the dog is walked.

It significantly reduces the risk of tick contact.

6. Regular Health Checkups

It is recommended that dogs who have had anaplasmosis have blood tests at least once a year. These check-ups are important for the early detection of platelet counts or joint problems.

These methods both speed up recovery from existing illnesses and largely prevent future infections.

Owners' Responsibilities in Anaplasma Disease

Anaplasma is a disease that can be completely controlled if detected early. However, the owner's proper management of the process is as critical to the course of the disease as diagnosis and treatment. The basic responsibilities of dog owners are as follows:

1. To fully comply with the treatment protocol.

Antibiotic treatment and other medications prescribed by the veterinarian must be given for the recommended duration , without skipping any doses or stopping prematurely . Interrupting treatment can lead to bacterial reproduction and a recurrence of the disease.

2. Monitoring the Dog's Daily Clinical Condition

Symptoms such as fever, loss of appetite, lethargy, and nosebleeds or gum bleeding should be monitored daily and any changes noted. If any unexpected symptoms appear, contact your veterinarian immediately.

3. Avoid Overactivity

During treatment, dogs should be kept away from strenuous physical activities. Rest helps reduce inflammation in dogs with joint pain.

4. Practice regular tick protection.

Even after treatment is complete, tick prevention should not be neglected . The most suitable product (tablet, drops, collar) should be selected according to the region where the dog lives and applied regularly.

5. Do Not Neglect Follow-up Inspections

A follow-up blood test is recommended 1–3 months after treatment is completed. Annual health checkups are also even more important for dogs with a history of Anaplasma.

6. Making the Environment Safe

Tick control should be carried out in the garden or areas where the dog roams; areas with dense bushes and grass should be cleared. Reducing the tick population prevents the recurrence of the disease.

Active involvement of the dog owner in the treatment process both speeds up the recovery process and significantly reduces the risk of complications.

Differences Between Anaplasma in Cats and Dogs

Although Anaplasma bacteria can infect both cats and dogs, there are significant differences between the two types. Understanding these differences is important for diagnosis and treatment.

1. Incidence

Anaplasma infection is extremely common in dogs , but quite rare in cats . Therefore, clinical examples in cats are limited.

2. Clinical Symptoms

While dogs show noticeable signs such as fever, joint pain, weakness, and low platelet count, the symptoms in cats can be very subtle. Some cats can carry the infection without showing any symptoms.

3. Diagnostic Process

While rapid tests are quite reliable in dogs, they are not always sensitive enough in cats. A definitive diagnosis is often made using PCR.

4. Immune Response

In dogs, the infection triggers a significant inflammatory response in the immune system, while in cats this response is more limited. Therefore, the course of the disease varies considerably between species.

5. Response to Treatment

Doxycycline treatment is effective in both cats and dogs; however, dose adjustment should be done more carefully in cats due to their sensitivity to the drug.

6. Transmission Dynamics

There is no direct transmission between cats and dogs. The only way of transmission is through a tick bite . Cats generally have a calmer roaming habit, so the risk of contact with ticks is lower compared to dogs.

Consequently, the disease is clinically much more pronounced in dogs and requires more treatment.

FAQ – Anaplasma Disease in Dogs

What is anaplasma in dogs and how does this disease develop?

Anaplasma is a bacterial infection transmitted by ticks that settles in a dog's blood cells and causes systemic inflammation. The most common species are Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Anaplasma platys . Transmission occurs when an infected tick bites the dog; direct transmission from dog to dog does not happen. The disease is particularly common in dogs living in areas with high tick populations and those with frequent contact with the outdoor environment.

What are the symptoms of Anaplasma in dogs, and how can it be detected early?

The initial symptoms are often mild and difficult for the person to notice. Weakness, mild fever, loss of appetite, and joint pain are the most common early signs. Nosebleeds and gum bleeding may occur in A. platys infection. As the disease progresses, limping, severe fatigue, weight loss, and enlarged lymph nodes may develop.

Which tick species transmit Anaplasma in dogs?

A. phagocytophilum is usually transmitted by Ixodes ticks (especially Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes scapularis in Europe and America). A. platys , on the other hand, is mostly transmitted via the brown dog tick ( Rhipicephalus sanguineus ). Both tick species are commonly found outdoors, in shrublands, and in rural areas.

Can dogs have both anaplasmosis and Lyme disease simultaneously?

Yes, it's common for the two diseases to occur together because the same tick species can carry both Anaplasma and Lyme bacteria. This is called co-infection, and the symptoms are more severe. Joint pain may increase, recovery time may be longer, and diagnosis may become more complex.

Is anaplasma a fatal disease in dogs?

It is usually not fatal if treated early. However, serious complications can develop in untreated or immunocompromised dogs. Risks such as prolonged thrombocytopenia, uncontrolled bleeding, high fever, and multiple organ involvement increase, especially in delayed cases.

How is Anaplasma diagnosed in dogs?

Diagnosis is made by evaluating clinical examination findings and laboratory tests together. Blood counts, biochemical values, ELISA/SNAP rapid tests, and PCR tests are used for diagnosis. PCR is the most accurate method because it detects the bacterial DNA.

What is the difference between an anaplasma PCR test and a rapid test?

Rapid tests measure the antibodies a dog has developed against the bacteria and can also indicate a past infection. PCR tests, on the other hand, directly detect the presence of the bacteria and more clearly reveal an active infection. PCR is more reliable for monitoring treatment.

How long does treatment for Anaplasma in dogs take?

The standard treatment duration is usually 28 days . Doxycycline is the most effective drug during this period. Dogs often become clinically relieved within 24–48 hours, but early discontinuation of treatment can lead to a relapse of the infection.

Why might symptoms of Anaplasma persist despite treatment?

Joint inflammation, immune system responses, or platelet asymptoms may persist for some time after treatment. In some dogs, a process we call "residual inflammation" may last longer. This does not mean the disease is active; it improves over time with supportive care.

Is Anaplasma contagious in dogs? Can it spread to other animals or humans?

Anaplasma is not transmitted directly; it is always transmitted through a tick. An infected dog cannot transmit the disease to other dogs or humans. However, since ticks in the same environment can bite both dogs and humans, the environmental risk remains.

How can dog owners protect themselves and their animals from Anaplasma?

Regular use of tick repellent products, carefully selecting walking areas, avoiding bushy areas, brushing the dog after walks, and reducing the tick population in the garden are the most effective prevention strategies. It is also recommended to have a tick-borne disease test as part of an annual check-up.

Does Anaplasma cause loss of appetite in dogs?

Yes, loss of appetite is one of the most common symptoms of the disease. Inflammation and weakness in the body can cause a dog to not want to eat. With treatment, appetite usually returns within a few days.

Can anaplasma infection cause joint pain in dogs?

A. phagocytophilum primarily affects immune cells, leading to inflammation in the joints. This can cause symptoms such as joint pain, limping, and reluctance to climb stairs. These symptoms may disappear completely within weeks of treatment.

Does anaplasma cause bleeding in dogs?

Because Anaplasma platys targets platelets, it can cause nosebleeds, gum bleeding, and bruising under the skin. These symptoms are especially noticeable in the period before treatment.

Can a dog be walked normally during anaplasma treatment?

Light walks are not a problem, but high-intensity running, long walks, or activities requiring jumping are not recommended during the treatment period. The dog needs rest due to joint pain and lethargy.

Can a dog that has had anaplasmosis experience the disease again?

Yes. If preventative tick control measures are not applied, the dog can become reinfected. The immune system does not develop complete and lasting protection against infection. Therefore, regular tick control is essential.

Can Anaplasma develop into a chronic disease in dogs?

Untreated cases can become chronic. Joint problems and platelet fluctuations, in particular, can persist for a long time. In dogs receiving appropriate treatment, the risk of chronicity is quite low.

What is the difference between Anaplasma and Ehrlichia?

Both are tick-borne diseases, but are caused by different types of bacteria. Anaplasma affects granulocytes or platelets, while Ehrlichia primarily targets monocytes. Their symptom profiles and some laboratory findings differ, making accurate diagnosis crucial.

Does Anaplasma affect the liver in dogs?

In some cases, an increase in liver enzymes may be observed. This is usually due to inflammation and improves with treatment. Monitoring liver function is recommended in long-term infections.

Is there an Anaplasma vaccine for dogs?

Currently, there is no commercial vaccine developed against Anaplasma. Therefore, protection can only be achieved through tick repellent products and environmental measures.

What should the diet be like during anaplasma treatment?

High-quality, well-balanced protein foods that do not strain the digestive system are recommended. Omega-3 fatty acids can help reduce joint inflammation. Excessively fatty foods should be avoided.

Can a dog diagnosed with anaplasma come into contact with other dogs?

Yes, because the disease is not transmitted from dog to dog. The risk is only from ticks found in shared environments. Therefore, tick control is more important than contact.

Can Anaplasma be transmitted to humans?

Direct transmission from dog to human is not possible; however, infected ticks can bite humans. Therefore, controlling the tick population in the dog's environment is important for both the dog's and the human's health.

Should the dog be retested after anaplasma treatment?

Yes, follow-up with PCR or rapid tests is recommended 1-3 months after the completion of treatment. Monitoring is especially important in dogs experiencing low platelet count.

Does anaplasma cause long-term damage in dogs?

Most dogs that receive appropriate treatment do not suffer permanent damage. However, in untreated or late-diagnosed cases, long-term effects such as joint problems, chronic lethargy, or recurrent thrombocytopenia may occur.

Sources

• American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM)

• Companion Animal Parasite Council (CAPC)

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

• The Merck Veterinary Manual

• Mersin Vetlife Veterinary Clinic – Open on Map: https://share.google/jgNW7TpQVLQ3NeUf2